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RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT(A CASE STUDY OF GOLD MINING ACTIVITIES IN PART OF NIGER STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Humans have a greater impact on the biosphere than any other species. Humans affect natural ecosystems by disrupting flows of energy and nutrients. Deliberate impacts in one ecosystem may have unanticipated results in neighbouring systems (Bradshaw and Weaver) [2]. It was just recent that living and non-living things actually responded to changes in the abiotic environment affected by human activities, on realization that human activities have led to an increasing human impact on the environmental resources without adequate correlation toward the after effect especially for our future generation. The aforementioned challenge required urgent attention leading to formation of various schools of thoughts on environmental issues.
Environment is the combination of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere in which humans, other living species, and non-animate phenomena exist. As an analogy, the environment is the habitat or home on which humans and others depend on for survival (Dearden and Mitchell) [3]. To be precise environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism lives (Bradshaw and Weaver), [4].
Mayhew [5] defined resources as some component, which fulfils people’s needs. Resources may be man-made – labour, skills, finance, capital, and technology – or natural-ores, water, soil, natural vegetation, or even climate. Resources were more specific and are normally thought of as such things as forest, wildlife, oceans, rivers and lakes, minerals and man.
Planning – Resources in a given environment have to be mobilized for successful planning, because of its economic value such as industrial raw materials, power generation, (electricity) tourism, domestics’ uses and educational purposes to mention but a few. Nevertheless, planning as “a technique is a means to an end, the end being the realization of certain pre-determined and well defined aim (Ogudia) [6], thus, the observation by Mayhew [7] affirming that “planning presupposes an ability to foresee future event and a capability for analysing situation and solving problems”.
Environmental resource planning is therefore the detailed arrangement for the sustenance, utilization, and preservation of the natural resource for future purpose. Exploitation simply means the removal of an environmental resource from its natural position or place. Resources can be exploited in one of these four ways.
1. Unknowingly, that is when the resource has not been recognized as valuable to man. For instance, people can use diamond for stoning where and when it was not recognize as a resource, as it was the case before the realisation of its value.
2. Legally, that is when the miners have the mining License. Companies and government agents or individual can acquired such and legally involve in mining business.
3. Illegal, that is when resources theft and Money bags that bribed government agents and community to remove resources without paying the legal royalty to government.
4. Those that neglects international standards on mining. These could be 2 or 3 above.
2. Environmental Issues and Convections
The over exploitation of environmental resources and their degradation is a global and topical issue that has generated interest among Governmental Agencies and Non-Governmental Organization (NGOS). Concerning over exploitation of natural resources, global warming, pollution, deforestation, flooding, soil erosion, desertification, drought and stock piling of armament, these are wider environmental issues that has paramount implication on natural resources and human existence in the environment.
1.2 Statement of the problem
It is not surprising that the increasing awareness of environmental problems, led to the United Nation Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm [8] where the action on plan for the human environment was adopted though it was to alert people, create awareness about deterioration of the environment and proffer solution that will reduce further degradation of the environment. One product of the conference was the concept of sustainable development as a direct human activity so as not to endanger the future and ability of our generations in meeting the future need in the environment. The conference also initiated the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1992 that led to the United Nation (UN) Conference on environment and development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil. This time it was to create awareness and set out principle on environmental sustainability. The conference was to set agenda for sustainable development into the 21st century.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the impact of resource exploitation on the environment
2. To understand the relationship between resource exploitation and the environment
1.4 Research questions
1. What is the impact of resource exploitation on the environment?
2. What is the relationship between resource exploitation and the environment?
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0: There is a weak relationship between resource exploitation and the environment
H1: There is a strong relationship between resource exploitation and the environment?
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