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EVALUATION OF AFRICAN LOCUST BEANS (Parkia biglobosa) PULP FOR BROILER CHICKENS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
ABSTRACT
Man`s increasing demand for maize (Zea mays), a major source of energy for livestock has made the search for alternative sources of energy for livestock imperative. The African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) is one such potential energy source. In this study its proximate analysis gave the following results; 11.52% crude protein( CP), 12.49% crude fibre (CF), 3.09% Ether Extract (EE), 4.08% ash, 68.32% Nitrogen free extract (NFE), 0.48g/100g calcium (Ca) and 0.10g/100g phosphorus (P).The anti-nutritional factors determined were: oxalate (150mg/100g), phytic acid (210mg/100g) and tannin (3.23mg/100g) which was relatively low. Total starch (5.84mg/100g), ascorbic acid (24.22mg/100g) and reducing sugar (4.56mg/100g) were determined to evaluate the nutritive value of African locust beans pulp as source of energy for broiler chickens. Two experiments were conducted at the large animal experimental station, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, with two sets of broiler chickens. In the first experiment, two hundred and twentyfive (225) day-old Arbour acre Broiler chicks were used. The chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with three replicates of fifteen birds each in a completely randomised design (CRD) which lasted for sixty-three (63) days. Parkia pulp was included at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels, respectively in the diets. The feed intake, final weight and weight gain, were significantly (P>0.05) depressed, feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher across the dietary treatments. Similarly, glucose, total protein, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet and red blood cell (erythrocyte) distribution width standard deviation (RDW-sd) were negatively affected across dietary treatments. However, cholesterol, red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and red blood cell (erythrocyte) distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-cv) were not affected by the inclusion levels of Parkia pulp across the dietary treatments. Live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, prime cuts and organ parts expressed as a percentage of live weight decrease across the dietary treatments. In the Second Experiment, two hundred and twenty-five (225) day-old Marshall Broiler chicks were used for the starter phase which lasted for twenty-eight (28days). The birds were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with each treatment having three replicates of fifteen birds each. The dietary treatments contained 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% Parkia pulp which replaced maize in the diets, respectively. Feed intake, final weight and weight gain were significantly (P>0.05) decreased, feed conversion ratio, cost/kg gain and mortality were significantly (P<0.05) higher across the dietary treatments as the level of African locust beans pulp increased. In the finisher phase, which lasted for twenty-eight (28) days, two hundred and elevenbroiler chickens obtained from the starter phase were used for the finisher study. The birds were allotted to five dietary treatments with three replicates of fourteen birds each. In the finisher phase feed intake, final weight, weight gain were significantly (P>0.05) lower, feed conversion ratio, cost/kg gain and mortality were negatively affected by Parkia pulp which made the parameters to increase across the dietary treatments. In the biochemical and haematological analyses; glucose and cholesterol, including Platelet, RDW-cv and RDW-sdwere not affected. However, total protein, RBC, PCV, Hb MCV, MCH and MCHC were significantly (P<0.05) affected, however, all the blood parameters were within the normal ranges. Live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage significantly (P<0.05) decreased as Parkia increased in the diet. The prime cuts and organs: wings, drumsticks, proventriculus, small and large intestines were observed to have been negatively affected in birds fed all the dietary treatments. However, some of the prime cuts; back, thighs, liver, heart, gizzard and spleen showed that Parkia pulp did not have any negative effect on them. It is concluded that Parkia pulp can be included at 10% level for starter and finisher diets in the first experiment; and replace 25% of maize at the starter and finisher phases respectively without adverse effects on the growth performance of the birds, respectively.
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