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EVALUATION OF PLANT EXTRACTS FOR THE CONTROL OF SEEDLING BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF COTTON INDUCED BY Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Smith) Dye
ABSTRACT
Aqueous extracts of six plants, namely Garlic {Allium sativum L), Custard apple Annona senegalensis L), Borreria verticillata L., Jatropha curcas L, the Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L), and Neem (Azadirachta indica (A.), Juss) were evaluated for the control of bacterial blight of cotton. Streptomycin and three preprietory chemicals; bronocot (12% broropol), Apron plus (10% metalaxyl, 6% carboxin, and 34% Furathiocarb) and Apron star (20% Thiamethoxam, 20% Metalyaxyl-M, and 2% Difenoconazole) served as checks alongside an untreated control. Assessments of the extracts was done in vitro, in the glasshouse, and in the field to determine the efficacy of the extracts against the disease. Two methods were used to evaluate the plant extracts in vitro, namely, dilution plate count and agar cup methods. Garlic (A. sativum) was found to be most effective, and significantly reduced bacterial population and growth over the untreated control. A. senegalensis, B. verticillata, and J. curcas were moderately effective, while the performance of 0. basilicum and A. indica relative to untreated control was very marginal. In the glasshouse experiment, the extracts were evaluated for their effect on seed-seedling parameters. Germination, stand establishment, shoot length root length, stem diameter and vigour of seedlings arising from seeds treated with the various plant extracts were assessed. Treatments were found to have no effect on germination stand establishment and root length. Extracts of A. sativum were found to be phytotoxic at high concentrations, as evidenced by the significantly reduced shoot length and plant vigour. However specific experiments to investigate this observed phytotoxicity did not confirm this observation. Plant extracts were also evaluated under field conditions for their effect on germination, stand establishment and seedling bacterial blight. In these experiments, extracts of garlic produced rates of germination which were marginally higher than those of all the other plant extracts. All the plant extracts significantly reduced the incidence of seedling bacterial blight although they had no effect on severity of the disease. However, extracts of garlic were significantly more effective in reducing the incidence seedling bacterial blight over the untreated control; and was indeed on the same level of effectiveness with bronocot.
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