MIGRANTS’ADJUSTMENT TO CITY LIFE: A STUDY OF OPOBO MIGRANTS IN PORTH HARCOURT

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MIGRANTS’ADJUSTMENT TO CITY LIFE:

A STUDY OF OPOBO MIGRANTS IN PORTH HARCOURT

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

List of tables

List of figures

Chapter one – introduction

1.1 statement of problem

1.2 hypothesis

1.3 significance of study

1.4 methodology

1.5 Scope and limitation of study

1.6 Theoretical frame review

Chapter two: literature review

Chapter three

3.1 A brief history of Opobo

3.2 The economy of opbo (1970 – present)

3.3 The structure of economy of Port Harcourt

3.4 Opobo Migrants in Port Harcourt

Chapter four

4.1 data analysis and testing of Hypotheses migrant’s adjustment

Chapter five

5.1 summary and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix (questionnaire)

ABSTRACT

In recognition of the fact that one of the most serious problems facing Nigerian society is that of rural urban migration and much more serious is the problems encountered by new migrants, we have in this research made an effort to examine the following: the socio-demographic characteristics of the Opobo migrants; factors that are responsible for their migrating; the problems they encounter on arrival in the city; processes and mechanisms through which they adjust to the conditions of urban life; what future plans they have.

From our study, we found out that the level of educational background and the nature of skills that educational background and th3e nature of skills that migrants previously have influenced the type of occupations they engage in when they come to the urban centre. We also found out that voluntary associations; ethnic association in particular; relations; co-ethnics and friends play very important roles in the adjustment of migrants to city life.

We also discovered that while in the city, the migrant sees himself as an absentee villager who would family return home someday.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Statement of problem

The population explosion in most countries of the world has been attributed to both natural increase and migration. But the rate of migration in Africa is greater than that of natural increase. Marigin¹ says that the rate of natural increase seems to be declining while that of migration continues to increase. The heavy wave of migration from rural to urban congestion. Urban population concentration and urban areas results in urban areas are areas of opportunity, and people are attracted to them to enjoy their benefits.

In the case of Nigeria, young and able-bodied youths leaves the rural areas for the urban areas where employment opportunities exist. This may lead to the depollution of the rural areas, or at least to a change in demographic structure. Food production is often adversely affected since it is only the aged (and the very young) who may be left behind. They are not even able to produce enough for subsistence.

Government has often formulated strategies to limit the rural-urban migration syndrome by building small scale industries in the rural areas. Examples in Nigerian are the modern River Mill and Garry processing Factory in Mbayion-Gboko and Kotic-Youth in Gboko and Vandeikya local government Areas in Benue state² respectively. These are done to encourage the Youths to be engaged there.

This study is concerned with the Opobo migrants who leave their home to settle in Port Harcourt, our case study, is an urban area with industries, administrative and commercial opportunities. The industrial, administrative and commercial opportunities. The industries and corporations, government offices and establishments, and the (modern) markers sited at different strategic areas, offer job opportunities to job seekers, and good commercial opportunities to traders, especially those from rural areas.

The problem of rural-urban migration could be viewed from different perspectives. It could be discussed in relation to different urban settings and also in relation to many problem areas. Specifically this research will address itself to the task of investigating the role of education and contacts in the city in stimulating migration of Opobo people to the city. We will also attempt to find out how the occupations they had at home influences the urban occupations in which they are now engaged. Furthermore, we will attempt to find out how the level of education influence the different kinds of occupation in which Opobo migrants are involved. Finally, we will explore how participation in ethnic associations, the presence of relatives and friends in the city help the migrants to adjust to urban life. Adjustment³, here is used to refer to the individual migrant’s satisfaction with or level of gratification attained in the urban society as well as his outlook with regards to spending his future in town.

This study is divided into five chapters. Chapters one introduces the work, statement of problem, states the hypotheses, significance of the study. Also methodology, scope and limitations of the work and the theoretical framework are discussed here. Chapter two reviews the existing literature in relation to the study.

In chapter three, we discusses the brief history of both Opobo and Port Harcourt. It also includes the structure of the economy of both Opobo and Port Harcourt. Opobo migrants in Port Harcourt are also discussed here.

Chapter four is concerned with data analysis and testing of hypotheses. Mechanisms of adjustments were discussed in this chapter. Summary and conclusions are drawn in chapter five.

Our hypothesis are:

1. The lower the educational background of the Opobo migrants and the specific nature of their primary skills in the more they are left with the options of adjusting through unskilled labour.

2. Migrant’s adjustment to city life is a function of ethnic association and extended family system.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study to describe and analyse the adjustments individual’s makes to modern conditions of urban development in a Nigerian community. The study aims to help us understand the importance of ethnic associations in the urban centres of Africa and Nigeria in particular, especially as regards the assistance they give to new migrants to the city. The adjustment of migrants in the urban centre is a very good point of take-off for any research on the nature and extent of capitalist penetration in Nigeria. This study is particularly significance in the sense that no work has been done on the Opobo people in any Nigerian city, so it should help other students in further research on the Opobo people. Again, it would help to increase the existing literature on other aspects of the Opobo people. Policy makers would find the study useful in that they will understand the problems encountered by migrants in the city and formulate appropriate policies.

METHODOLOGY

In this study, data was collected from two main sources-personal interviews and textbooks. The personal interview was chosen as a tool for collecting the date for this research because it can yield deeper and more reliable information than questionnaires which can be easily distorted. In the case of the personal interview, the face to face nature of interview enables the researcher to get a deeper understanding of any information through interviewee’s comments, facial expressions and emotional display, all of which provides visual and auditory clues to the problem. Sometimes useful follow up questions could be added after respondent answers to the initial questions.

Personal interviews were held with the various categories of Opobo migrant’s in Port Harcourt ranging from the age of fifteen years to forty-five years and above. The content of the interview was on the mechanisms through which adjustment was made and the type of job and level of education they had on arrival in Port Harcourt. Reasons education they had on arrival in Port Harcourt. Reasons from migrating and their socio-demographic characteristics.

In asking questions about the ethnic associations, we wanted to know the kind of assistance that members or new migrants received from them. We also wanted to know if loans are given to members in the event of some unhappy circumstances such as business failure, death of a member etc.

The data was collected during a survey that was carried out in the months of August, September, October, December, 1986 and March, 1987. These months were chosen because they were the most convenient periods for us. The respondents were interviewed in their homes and places of work. As regards the number of migrants interviewed, of course, not all Opobo migrants population living in Port Harcourt were interviewed as time would not permit. Thus, the sample size used was 70. This includes both males and females.

The respondents were selected accidental sampling (that is, the method of availability). Sometimes, we used the help of another migrant who introduced us to other people he knows. On other occasions we simply walked up to areas where an Opobo man lives and/or works to conduct the interview. At the beginning of each interview we explained the purpose of the research and how long the interview would last.

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