ISOLATION AND SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA ISOLATE FROM VAGINAL DISCHARGE TO ANTIBIOTICS

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ISOLATION AND SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA ISOLATE FROM VAGINAL DISCHARGE TO ANTIBIOTICS

Abstract

Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system, particularly those associated with vaginal discharge, pose significant challenges to women’s health worldwide. This study investigates the isolation and sensitivity of bacteria isolated from vaginal discharge to antibiotics. The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbial profile of vaginal discharge, identify prevalent bacterial species, and assess their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics.

The study employs a systematic approach, involving the collection of vaginal discharge specimens from women presenting with suspected bacterial infections. Bacterial isolates are identified through microbiological techniques, and their sensitivity to a range of antibiotics is evaluated using standardized susceptibility testing methods.

The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform clinical practitioners, researchers, and public health officials about the dynamics of bacterial infections in the vaginal environment. Insights gained from the study may guide clinicians in selecting appropriate antibiotic therapies, contribute to the broader understanding of microbial communities in the female reproductive system, and inform public health strategies aimed at managing and preventing bacterial infections in women.

The findings of this study are expected to contribute valuable knowledge to the fields of gynecology, microbiology, and public health. By addressing key research questions, this investigation seeks to advance our understanding of bacterial isolates from vaginal discharge and their responses to antibiotics, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of clinical interventions and promoting reproductive health among women.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, particularly pressing in developing nations where infectious diseases, poverty and malnutrition are endemic. Infections caused by resistant bacteria have been shown to be more frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality than those caused by susceptible pathogens. In areas of concentrated use, such as hospitals, antimicrobial resistance lead to hospital stays, increased health care costs and in extreme cases untreatable infections. The lack of clinical microbiology laboratories to identify the specific etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing has increased empirical therapy which in turn leads to emergence of AMR. Moreover, self-antibiotic prescription, lack of access to local antibiogram data and poor awareness of prescriber about AMR were the leading local factors for AMR development in Ethiopia (Aberaet al., 2014).

Studies have shown that besides the temporal changes in profile of infecting micro organisms and pattern of resistance over time, antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria varies among population because of difference in geography, local antimicrobial prescribing practices and prevalence of resistant bacterial strains. Such differences are never stable and may change rapidly especially in places where misuse of antibiotics are common particularly in developing countries. A systematic review in Ethiopia has also indicated a trend towards an increasing resistance rates among pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas,Citrobacter and Acenotobacter to commonly prescribed antibiotics, including Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amikasin, Imipenem, Cefixime and Ciprofloxacin (Moges et al.,2014). Thus, up to date information on microbial resistance is needed at local level to guide the rational use of the existing antimicrobials.

The adult human vagina is a complex biota containing a profusion of micro organisms. These can be either unicellular or multicellular and are present everywhere in nature. They include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, some microscopic plants such as green algae and animals such as planktons and palanarian. On account of their nature, viruses may or may not be included. Bacteria and yeast form normal flora of this ecosystem, which is normally found on the skin and every opening of the body such as mouth, ears, rectum and vagina. Even a neonate carries specific flora of his/ her mother and soon develops own floral community. This flora persists till death of the individual. An adult human carries normal flora consisting of more than 200 bacterial species. Normally these are harmless and are involved in benefiting their hosts. Yet some are parasitic in nature, living at the expense of their host, and some are even pathogenic.These pathogenic microbes, after getting a chance, invade their hosts and lead to opportunistic infection. These diseases caused by normalflora are termed endogenous diseases (Khan et at.,2002).

Resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents is an imminent threat to patient management all over the world. This issue has plagued policy makers and clinicians everywhere but there seems to be no simple way of circumventing the problem. Rapidly rising antibiotic resistance is a challenge to comprehensive patient care in all branches of medical science. The interaction between various clinical bacteria and the antimicrobial agents is a complex issue involving the prokaryotic adaptive mechanisms and genetic changes. This complex interaction must be studied in depth in order to achieve a sustainable and effective solution to the looming threat of antibiotic resistance. Earlier, the problem of antibiotic resistance was primarily a concern for not so comical infections. But now, even community acquired infections are caused by organisms with high levels of antibiotic resistance. As a report had demonstrated, such multi-drug resistant community acquired infections can be a cause of significant.

Earlier, such drug resistant organisms were said to infect mainly patients with identifiable risk factors or profound immune suppression. But now, reports are showing such infections in seemingly normal healthy persons. Also, such drug-resistant infections may complicate the newly emerging infectious diseases. For example, influenza epidemics are sometimes reported to be complicated by superadded infection with drug-resistant bacteria (Hageman et al., 2004). The issue of drug resistance in clinical bacteria is such a vital threat that the UN held a special assembly in 2016 to address only this issue. In that assembly, the issue was said to be of as much importance as climate change and it was deemed to require a global response (Farr, 1994) and non-pregnant women attending the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Maiduguri, Nigeria”.

The female reproductive system is a complex and delicately balanced environment that is subject to various microbial interactions. Vaginal discharge, a common aspect of the female reproductive cycle, plays a crucial role in maintaining this balance. However, deviations from the norm can lead to infections, with bacteria often implicated as the causative agents. Bacterial infections of the vagina can result in discomfort, reproductive health complications, and, if left untreated, may pose serious health risks.

Understanding the microbial composition of vaginal discharge and their susceptibility to antibiotics is essential for effective clinical management. Antibiotics have been a cornerstone in the treatment of bacterial infections, but the rise of antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge. Therefore, investigating the isolation and sensitivity of bacteria from vaginal discharge to antibiotics is paramount for ensuring optimal therapeutic outcomes.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Bacterial infections of the vagina, such as bacterial vaginosis and other related conditions, continue to be a prevalent issue affecting women globally. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains further complicates treatment strategies, necessitating a thorough understanding of the bacteria responsible for vaginal infections and their response to antibiotics.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this study are:

To isolate bacteria from vaginal discharge specimens obtained from women with suspected bacterial infections.

To identify the bacterial species present in the isolated samples.

To assess the sensitivity of the isolated bacterial strains to commonly prescribed antibiotics.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant importance for several stakeholders:

Clinical Practitioners: The findings will provide valuable insights into the microbial profile of vaginal discharge, aiding clinicians in the selection of appropriate antibiotics for targeted and effective treatment.

Researchers: This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on bacterial infections of the vagina, antibiotic resistance, and the dynamics of microbial communities in this unique environment.

Public Health Officials: The study’s results may inform public health policies related to the management and prevention of bacterial infections in women, promoting overall reproductive health.

1.5 Research Questions

To guide this study, the following research questions will be addressed:

What are the predominant bacterial species present in vaginal discharge?

How do these bacterial isolates respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics?

Are there variations in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics among different isolates?

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study will focus on the isolation and sensitivity of bacteria from vaginal discharge samples obtained from women presenting with symptoms of bacterial infections. The research will encompass the identification of bacterial species and the assessment of their susceptibility to a range of antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice.

1.7 Structure of the project

The thesis will be organized into distinct chapters to facilitate a comprehensive exploration of the topic. Chapter Two will review relevant literature, providing a foundation for understanding the microbial ecology of the vagina and the current landscape of antibiotic resistance. Subsequent chapters will delve into the methodology employed, the presentation and analysis of results, and a discussion of findings. The thesis will conclude with Chapter Five, summarizing key insights and proposing potential implications for clinical practice and future research.

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