SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CASHEW LEAVE

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SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CASHEW LEAVE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Recently, the interest of public in using phytomedicine for the treatment of diseases is increasing. Natural products such as plants are believed to cure diseases and with no adverse effects. It has been well documented that natural products play critical roles in the development of drug with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties (Varghese et al, 2013). There is a need to shift from using synthetic drugs and antibiotics to alternative treatment using plants products because the safety and efficacy of the drugs remain questionable. Synthetic drugs are man-made medicines that use chemical ingredients to treat, cure, prevent diseases and promote wellbeing. However, the excessive use of drugs may bring negative effects to health such as hallucination, addiction, loss of self-control and the worst is death (National Institute Drug Abuse, 2017).

Furthermore, synthetic antibiotics are associated with microbial resistance over the time and thus resist the effects of drugs. Therefore, the use of plants products could be a promising alternative (Turing et al., 2019). Plants contain many phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, terpenes and tannins. These phytochemicals have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, analgesic, antifungal, antitumor, antioxidant, antimalarial and anti-inflammation (Yadav & Agarwala, 2011). Various species and parts of plants including leaf, bark, seeds, roots, flower and fruits have different bioactive compounds which may have different medicinal properties.

Anacardium occidentale L. which is known as cashew plants is one of the tropical culinary herbs that provide various benefits to human health. In Southern Asia countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, A. occidentale leaves are usually consumed raw (ulam) with white rice. A. occidentale is reportedly helping in digestion, urination, blood circulation and constipation (Yadav & Agarwala, 2011). Previous studies by Catherine and Anoze (2018) reported that A. occidentale leaves extract have antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria and Chabi et al. (2014) reported that A. occidentale leaves extract possesses antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. epidermis bacteria.

As it is well established fact that bacteria are the leading cause of infectious disease that infects human body system. S. aureus bacterial infections range from mild to life threatening and the most common one is skin infection. Commonly, skin infection will cause abscesses, blisters, redness, swelling, cellulitis and skin pigmentation (Bush, 2019). E. coli can cause infection even if consumed in a small amount. Consuming slightly undercooked foods such as meat and unpasteurized milk that have been contaminated with E. coli can cause severe abdominal cramps, food poisoning, diarrhoea and vomiting. If left untreated, it may cause lifethreatening diseases like pneumonia, kidney failure and urinary tract infections (Lim, Yoon & Hovde, 2010). Therefore, this study was design to access the effect of cashew plant leaf extract against human pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Statement of the problem

There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cashew leave

Objectives of the study
To understand the impact of synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cashew leave
To understand the relationship between synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cashew leave

Research questions
What is the impact of synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cashew leave
What is the relationship between synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cashew leave