THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN NIGERIA

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THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Much have been said and written about effective management of resources in solving unemployment problem in Nigeria unemployment is a state of workless experienced by persons who as members of the labour forces perceive them selves and are perceived by other capable of work. Then that is why researcher looks for paid employment without success under the prevailing economic circumstance and describes the concepts of management concepts of unemployment problems generated by unemployment and effective management of resources in Oji- Rive Local Government Area of Enugu State Nigeria.

Willaim (1981:3-4) carried out a research he says that management has many definitions as there are managers according to their working experience while the professed of management have defined it from their own perspective. Their own definition seen to be the most matured one as they combine the working sense with the student’s sense. He also breakdown the bias concepts of management. He said that each company or similar body may be quite different from other of the same genus.

Unemployment in the third world countries has led to various negative and positive challenges from brain drain, increased crime cases to emergent of entrepreneurial businesses. This paper examines the Nigerian informal sector and the extent of conformity with proper human resource practices. This paper adopts survey approach in analyzing data to test whether or not SMEs can conform to global HRM practices by analyzing some variables. Graphs and simple statistics were used to test the probability of conformity of informal sector activities with HRM practices in Nigeria. This paper also relied on secondary data from Bureau of Statistics and other government agencies. Past literatures were also examined. It was discovered that due to low capital outlay and inability to access funds from financial institutions, global human resource practices like proper recruitment, training, career development are being ignored.

Nnenna (2000;13) et al in her own book says that though this may not be a very good area of ex-raying the concepts of management since personnel is a unit of management an attempt will be made here to sight some like.

The level of unemployment is a mirror image of the state of a nation’s economy. Unemployment is the most exigent question facing policy makers and governments in recent times. Lack of gainful employment ranked high in the list of socio-political problems confronting Nigeria at present. In Nigeria, over-dependence of the economy on oil brought a boom in the 1970s while economic recession set in since 1981. The recession has since had a very significant implication for the utilization of the country’s human resources, leading to high level of unemployment. The problem has aggravated in the nation to the extent that many university graduates could not secure jobs, let alone school leavers.

According to the Federal Office of Statistics survey carried out in 1984, graduates from tertiary institutions formed 3.8% of the unemployed persons for urban areas, this rose to 9.9%, 16.5% and 20.8% in 1995, 1996 and 1998 respectively. Information from the survey also shows that out of the present output from the educational system entering the labour market as at 1996 which was 2.8 million, only 0.3 million were absorbed into the labour market.

The problem seems to be two-fold showing both demand and supply side. On the demand side, not only are there inadequate jobs for youths but also the increasing decline in quality of education and training, thus making many youths unemployed. On the supply side, the inability of the government to adequately finance the nation’s educational enterprise has led to deteriorating infrastructural facilities and discouraging personal emoluments for teachers. (Though the situation has improved a bit in recent times). It was discovered that despite various government policies and programmes aimed at reducing unemployment among the youths and adults, the problem of unemployment remains unabated.

Further, economic analysis shows that low real wage among other things will induce employment – this situation seems to be otherwise in the case of Nigeria. Despite the relatively low real wage, the economy cannot still create employment for considerable part of manpower resources.

Generally, this study is meant to examine the pervasiveness of unemployment problem in the Nigerian economy. Unemployment has been found to reduce national wealth. Increase in crime waves and socio-political violence can also be attributed to the high level of unemployment especially among the youths. The growing incidence of poverty in Nigeria can also be linked to the worsening unemployment situation. This study is therefore necessary to give insight into how unemployment can be reduced to the barest minimum.

Unemployment has become a major problem bedeviling the lives of Nigerian youth, causing increased militancy, violent crimes, kidnappings, restiveness and socially delinquent behaviour. Youth unemployment is devastating to both the individual and the society as a whole both psychologically and economically. The paper examines the issue of youth unemployment and looks at potential interventions such as effective career guidance, technical and vocational education as well entrepreneurship education. A number of recommendations were made which include that youths should be trained to possess skills which are congruent with real labour market demand, developing a special focus on career guidance and counselling support in schools and introduction of entrepreneurship education into the school curriculum.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Drucker, an entrepreneur is a person who understands the business opportunities and benefit by scarce resources and use them profitably. In his book Management, he said the purpose of an organization is to enable ordinary human beings to do extraordinary things, i.e., a means to make strengths productive and weakness irrelevant.

In Nigeria, the small and medium enterprises sub-sector has been expanding, especially since the mid-1980s, following the prolonged recession in the economy which forced many large enterprises to lay off large proportion of their work-force. The sector accounts for 70 percent of industrial employment (World Bank, 1995). Mazzarol, Volery, Doss and Thein (1999) indicated that emerging and transitional economies rely on small businesses in replacing state-owned organizations and stimulate economic growth.

A proper analysis of the developed economies of the advanced countries highlighted key imperatives needed to support the SME sector in its bid to opening the floodgates of economic prosperity. The key strategic imperatives identified, in order of priority, include provision of adequate infrastructure, sustained and sufficient institutional support, education and skills upgrading, technological adaptation and innovation and availability and access to funding and financial services.

In advanced economies, the SME sector is acclaimed as the engine of economic growth and development however against international best practices Nigeria is rated poorly. Extensive efforts in terms of strategic programmes, policy and practice will be required to elevate Nigeria to a leading position by 2020—Report of the Vision 2020 National Technical Working Group on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), July, 2009.

In the more recent past, Nigerians adapted their natural talents to evolve traditional businesses and crafts that have sustained most of the country’s rural and urban poor for the better part of the last half century. While the oil boom of the 1970s brought in billions of petrodollars, most of the country’s population remained untouched by the new-found prosperity, thanks to widespread political corruption and catastrophic economic mismanagement. Because of these and other factors, the World Bank estimates that 80% of oil revenues benefited just 1% of the population.

Most of Nigeria’s current woes trace back to a historic overdependence on oil to the negligence of all other sectors, including customary trades and agriculture. Decades of non-inclusive policies alienated the vast majority of Nigerians, plunging the country into a miasma of extreme poverty and ravaging civil and political strife. The climate of economic stagnation spawned a mammoth informal economy that continues to sustain the bulk of Nigeria’s 148 million people. It is a measure of Nigeria’s inherent entrepreneurial capacity that this informal, unorganized sector presently accounts for 65% of Gross National Product and accounts for 90% of all new jobs (Osalor, 2010).

The problem of unemployment has posed a great challenge to many countries (both developed and developing). In recent times, the incidence of unemployment in Nigeria has been deep and widespread, cutting across all facets of age groups, educational strata and geographical entities. Nigeria’s unemployment problem is a post-independence phenomenon. According to the 1952/53 Census, the country experienced over-employment rather than unemployment during the early 1950s. This does not imply that all the people who were willing to work were employed; it only means that the unemployed were few and mainly structurally unemployed. They were either only temporarily out of employment or in the process of changing jobs. It also implies that the total number of people gainfully employed at the time exceeded the size of the potential labour force. Such a phenomenon can be explained in terms of the prevalence of child labour – persons aged less than 15 years being gainfully employed (Ojo, 1997). Since the attainment of independence in 1960, the unemployment rate has been on the upward trend and infact, the rate attained in the 1990s are almost unprecedented in the history of a country that is supposed to be undergoing a development process. For instance in 1990, the national unemployment level was estimated at 3.2 percent (CBN, 1991), subsequently, the rate started declining and it fell to as low as 1.8 percent in 1995, but by 2000, the rate had risen to as high as 4.0 percent. According to the CBN 2003 report, the national unemployment rate was 2.3 percent. The observed decline could actually be attributed to increased informal sector activities, even though most of the people involved in such activities are actually underemployed. These declines may not truly reflect the situation in the labour market, as many of the unemployed are disenchanted and, therefore, may have no confidence in the employment exchanges to find them suitable jobs (Uniamikogbo, 1997).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research topic portrays out belief in the prospects and major role which effective management of resources had played in solving unemployment in Oji River local government area. In fact the topic sis elastic in the sense that it cover so many facts of individual and self employed include both unemployed and self employed people. The finding of what constitute barriers of solving unemployment through effective management of resources in Oji River local government area are:

a. ILLITERACY: Due to the illiteracy level in the local government area people find it very difficult to seek for employment in government owned industries except for mental jobs

b. LACK OF FUND: Fund is another factor that militates against effective management of resources Oji River local government area are associated with this particular problem. They lack financial assistance either from the local state or the federal government to put their establishment on a sound footing

c. LACK OF TRAINED MANPOWER/ PERSONNEL: Manpower has been defined as the capacity of human being. It recites to human being. It relates to the labour forces and incorporates the skill aspect as well.

d. INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIENCY: Low infrastructure development in the local government area is another factor that has rendered the effective management of resources unworkable many parts of the local government area are yet to have electricity and good access roads to boost effective management of resources in the area.

e. PROBLEM IN MANAGEMENT : This is the major problem faced by resources management and organization where decision making is done by few incapable hands which morally result in the untimely death of these establishment.

The state or condition of unemployment particularly youths in Nigeria is a matter which attracts comments from many individuals and the public alike. The effect is tremendous. Unemployment rate has been on the increase to the extent that our young youths finds it difficult to determine what their future will be and these key issues have attracted much write ups, suggestion from patriotic citizens.

This research is to investigate on youths’ performance in higher institutions. Now, using questionnaires, which are formulated from the research questions, the researcher will like to know if there is any bad behaviour which youths involve them selves as a result of unemployment. Are the youths feeling the effects? Are there solutions to this problem? These and other questions are what the research is interested in.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To evaluate the concept of unemployment in Nigeria

2. To know whether effective management of resources can help in solving unemployment problems in Nigeria.

3. To investigate the causes of unemployment in general in Nigeria.

4. To provide guideline and information for policy formulation in curbing unemployment in Nigeria through proper management of available resources an the other factors.

5. To examine the consequences and implication of unemployment.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the concept of unemployment in Nigeria?

2. Does effective management of resources can help in solving unemployment problems in Nigeria?

3. What are the causes of unemployment in general in Nigeria?

4. Are there guidelines and information for policy formulation in curbing unemployment in Nigeria through proper management of available resources an the other factors?

5. What are the consequences and implication of unemployment?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: Effective management of resources cannot solve unemployment problems in Nigeria.

H1: Effective management of resources can solve unemployment problems in Nigeria.

H0: There are no causes of unemployment in general in Nigeria.

H1: There are no causes of unemployment in general in Nigeria.

H0: There are no guidelines and information for policy formulation in curbing unemployment in Nigeria through proper management of available resources an the other factors.

H1: There are guidelines and information for policy formulation in curbing unemployment in Nigeria through proper management of available resources an the other factors.

H0: Unemployment has no consequences and implication.

H1: Unemployment has consequences and implication.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will cover the problems of youths unemployment and its effects on Staffs of organization as well as making suggestions on how to solve the problem.

Finally, this research will be of help to economic planners. The government will also use the results of the data collected to make plans for employment and National budget. The future leaders and researchers will equally derive much from some of the suggestions and findings made here then continue from where I, the researcher stopped.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work is on the impact of effective management of resources in solving unemployment problem in Nigeria

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There were a lot of constraints in the gathering of information for this research work. But the major constrain are as follows:

TIME

In repeat to the theoretical and practical work, the time allowed for this project was limited Resides these was carried out with other academic assignments.

FINANCE AND HIGHEST OF TRANSPORTATION

Due to problems of financing, and high transport rate, I could not be able to carry my research with easy as I was planned.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The general aim of having these term defined is to enable the reader to known the measuring of these words if by any means he/she do not know them before with regard to this research work, and a situation where the reader has not come across any of them before, it tends to be immense help.

SMALL SCALE BUSSINESS: Oxford paper back (1979) defined it as on industry, which can be carried out in the home.

In pre-colonial Nigeria, according to Ejiofor P. it is as a relative, turn, because, what is regarded as small-scale business by a person mean large scale business to another.

The Nigeria bank for commerce and identifies (NBC) for the purpose of its revolving it as these investing not more than N500.000.00 excluding the cost of the law but including working capital1. Nevertheless, the banks official definition since 1985 has been firms whose capital cost does not exceed ( N750,.000, including working capital but excluding lends.

UNEMPLOYMENT b: The state of being unemployed, one who has no work to do regardless as this strength and qualification.

Entrepreneurship: This is anindividual who has the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities, gathering the necessary resource to take advantage of them and initiate appropriate actions to ensure success. This could equally be defined as on who undertakes and enterprise. Eg contractor, employer etc.

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