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EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLAGE ON WATER QUALITY/ MANAGEMENT IN EMADADJA, UDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Investigation of the effects of oil Spill on water quality in Emadadja was carried out by identifying a spill affected area (Emadadja) as the study area, while geographically similar but unaffected area (Egini) served as control. Water samples were collected from both surface (streams) and underground (hand- dug wells) sources. Some physico-chemical properties that reflect water quality such as pH value, total hydrocarbon, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, exchangeable cations (Ca+,Mg2+, Na+, K+) anions (NO3-, SO4 2-,PO4 2-, Cl-) Heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr),Biological Oxygen demand (BOD),Dissolved Oxygen( DO),Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), Dissolved Carbon dioxide (CO2)were determined using standard methods and results from the two areas were compared. There was a significant increase in temperature average of (29.38 in surface, 27.62 in underground) decrease in pH average of (3.27 in surface samples, and 3.58 in underground), low dissolved oxygen of (1.63mg/l in surface samples, 2.50mg/l in underground). increased BOD of (14.69mg/l in surface, 12.46mg/l underground), increased CO2(17.86mg/l in surface and 15.33mg/l in underground) and increased THC content of (1.86in surface and 1.57in underground samples) of the oil spill affected study area of Emadadja when compared with the WHO standards and the non affected control area of Egini. Low nitrate values were observed at the study area. This may be due to utilization by the species in absence of sufficient oxygen. The presence of heavy metals and pollutants were lowest in the underground water samples than the surface water samples. Lead showed typical build up in the surface water samples from the study area. Test of the null hypothesis using ANOVA showed that there is significant difference in water quality between the study and control areas for both the surface and groundwater samples. Analysis of questionnaire on causes of oil spill revealed that old/ rusted pipes contribute 59%, sabotage , 18%, pressure on pipe, 21%, and superstitious belief 2%.The results indicate that oil spill has adversely affected the water quality and aquatic live in Emadadja. The study therefore, recommends adequate maintenance of the facilities especially replacement of old/rusted pipes, provision of potable supply of water, and the inclusion of Emadadja in the ongoing remediation technique for ecological cleaning in the Niger Delta States.
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TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study. 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem 5
1.3. Aim/Objectives of the Study 6
1. 4. Research Questions 6
1.5. Research Hypotheses 7
1.6 .Scope of the Study 7
1.7. Limitations of the Study 7
1.8. Significance of the Study 8
1.9. Study Area 9
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CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/LITERATURE REVIEW Page
2.1 Conceptual Framework 16
2.2. Literature Review 22
2.2.1 Oil Spillage 22
2.2.2. Incidences of Oil Spills 23
2.2.3 Causes of Oil Spills 25
2.2.4. Effects of Oil Spillage 29
2.2.5 Oil Spillage Control 34
2.2.5.1; In-Situ Burning 35
2.2.5.2. Biological Remediation 37
2.2.6. Prevention of Oil Spillage 38
2.2.7. Management of Oil Spill in Nigeria 40
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY 48
3.1. Research Design 48
3.2. Data needs 49
3.2.1. Primary Data 50
3.2.2. Secondary Data 50
3.2.3. Laboratory Investigations 53
3.3. Description of Statistics used to Test Hypothesis 58
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CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF DATA AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
4.1. Presentation of Data 61
4.2. Physico-chemical Analysis 62
4.2.1. Questionaire 72
4.3. Test of Hypotheses 93
4.4. Discussion on Findings 96
45.0. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations. 106
REFERENCES 112
APPENDIXES 119
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LIST OF FIGURES Page
Fig. 1.1 Map of Nigeria Showing Delta State. 13
Fig. 1.2 Map of Delta State Showing Udu Local Govt. Area. 14
Fig.1.3.Map of Udu Local Govt.AreaShowing Study and Control Area 15
Fig. 2.1. Stages in the Implementing a TQEM System. 20
Fig.4.1.Bar- chart showing Number of Quarters in Emadadja. 70
Fig. 4.2.Bar- chart showing Age of Respondents sampled in Emadadja. 71
Fig.4.3. Bar- chart showing Marital Status of Respondents sampled
in Emadadja. 72
Fig.4.4. Bar- chart showing Sex of Respondents sampled in Emadadja. 72
Fig. 4.5 Bar- chart showing Educational Qualification of Respondents
sampled in Emadadja. 73
Fig.4.6. Bar- chart showing Occupation of Respondents sampled in
Emadadja. 73
Fig.4.7. Bar- chart showing Incidences of Oil Spillages in Emadadja. 74
Fig.4.8. Bar- chart showing Causes of Oil Spillages in Emadadja. 75
Fig. 4.9. Bar- chart last spills incidents in Emadadja. 76
Fig.4.10.Bar-chart severity of oil spills in Emadadja. 76
Fig.4.11. Bar -chart showing Frequency of oil spill incidents in 77
Emadadja
Fig. 4.12 Bar- chart showing Probability of oil spills occurring without 78
Interference in Emadadja.
Fig4.13Bar- chart showing Effects of oil spills on health and livelihood 78
in Emadadja.
Fig.4.14. Bar – chart showing source of water supply in Emadadja. 79
Fig.4.15. Bar-chart showing perpetrators of sabotage (pipe- line 80
Vandalism)
xii
Fig.4.16. Bar- chart showing duration of spill cleanup 81
Fig.4.17. Bar- chart showing Effect of spill on sources of water
supply. 82
Fig.4.18. Bar- chart showing perception on compensation. 83
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LIST OF TABLES.
4.1. Physico- chemical result of Surface water samples in study area 60
4.2. Physico- chemical result of Surface water samples in control area 62
4.3. Physico-chemical result of Underground water samples in
study area. 63
4.4. Physico- chemical result of Underground water samples in
control area. 64
4.5. Anova Table of physical parameters of water samples of study
and Control area. 67
4.6. Anova Table of chemical parameters water samples of study
and Control area. 68
4.7. Number of questionnaire administered 71
4.8. Quarters in Emadadja. 72
4. 9 Age of Respondents sampled in Emadadja. 73
4.10. Marital Status of Respondents sampled in Emadadja 74
4.11. Sex of Respondents sampled in Emadadja. 75
4.12. Educational Qualification of Respondents sampled in Emadadja 76
4.13. Occupation of Respondents sampled in Emadadja 77
4.14. Incidences of Oil Spillages in Emadadja. 78
4.15. Causes of Oil Spillages in Emadadja. 79
4.16. last spills incidents in Emadadja. 80
4.17. Severity of oil spills in Emadadja. 81
4.18. Frequency of oil spill incidents 82
4.19. Probability of oil spills occurring without Interference in Emadadja. 83
4.20. Effects of oil spills on health and livelihood in Emadadja. 84
4.21. Source of water supply in Emadadja. 85
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4.22. Perpetrators of sabotage (pipe- line vandalism) 86
4.23. Duration of spill cleanup 87
4.24. Effect of spill on sources of water supply. 88
4.25. Perceptions on compensation. 89
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LIST OF APPENDIXES.
Questionnaires. 112
Analysis of variance (Anova) mean table. 115
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study.
The effect of oil resource extraction on the environment of the Niger Delta has been very glaring in terms of its negative effect on the region. Inya (1997), stated that “oil exploration and exploitation have over the last four decades impacted disastrously on the socio-physical environment of the Niger Delta oilbearing communities, massively threatening the subsistent peasant economy and the environment and hence the entire livelihood and basic survival of the people” Suffice to note that, while oil extraction has caused negative socio-economic and environmental problems in the Niger Delta, the Nigerian State has benefited immensely from petroleum since it was discovered in commercial quantities in 1956. The Central Bank of Nigeria (C.B.N) (1981) annual report stated as follows – Oil which was first discovered in 1956 and first exported in 1958 accounted for more than 90% of Nigeria’s export by value and about 80% of government revenue as at December 31, 1981.The overall contribution of the oil sector to the national economy also grew from an insignificant 0.1% in 1959 to 87% in 1976”(Inya,1997).
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