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PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN GENERAL HOSPITAL TAFAWA BALEWA
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global public health concern, with transmission primarily through blood and body fluids. Blood transfusion is a critical healthcare intervention but poses risks of HBV transmission if effective screening is not conducted. This study investigates the prevalence of HBV infection among blood donors in General Hospital Tafawa Balewa, shedding light on potential implications for public health and blood safety policies in the region.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed, analyzing blood donation records from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 500 blood donor samples were screened for HBV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Donor demographic data, including age, sex, and frequency of donation, were analyzed to identify patterns of infection.
Results: The study found an HBV prevalence rate of 7.8% among the blood donors. Male donors constituted 82% of the study population and had a higher prevalence rate (8.2%) compared to females (6.5%). The highest prevalence was observed in donors aged 25–34 years, while repeat donors exhibited a significantly lower prevalence rate compared to first-time donors.
Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV among blood donors in General Hospital Tafawa Balewa highlights the need for stricter blood screening protocols and increased public awareness of HBV transmission risks. The findings underscore the importance of promoting HBV vaccination campaigns and reinforcing preventive strategies to enhance blood safety in the region.
Keywords: Hepatitis B virus, prevalence, blood donors, Tafawa Balewa, blood safety, public health.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global public health issue, affecting over 296 million people worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Transmission occurs through exposure to infected blood or other body fluids, making blood transfusion a critical pathway for potential HBV spread if proper screening is not implemented.
In Nigeria, HBV remains a substantial burden, with the country classified as hyperendemic for the virus. Studies have shown a national prevalence rate ranging from 8% to 15%, placing Nigeria among the countries with the highest HBV burdens globally. Blood donors represent a vital subset of the population for understanding HBV prevalence, as they are both potential transmitters and mirrors of community infection rates.
General Hospital Tafawa Balewa serves as a major healthcare facility in Bauchi State, providing essential services including blood transfusion. However, limited research exists on the prevalence of HBV among blood donors in this region, posing a challenge to ensuring blood safety and implementing targeted public health interventions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite advances in medical science and the establishment of blood screening protocols, HBV remains a significant risk in blood transfusion services, particularly in low-resource settings. Inadequate screening facilities, lack of donor awareness, and insufficient vaccination coverage exacerbate the problem.
In Tafawa Balewa, the prevalence of HBV among blood donors is not well-documented, leading to potential risks of transmission through transfusion. This knowledge gap hinders effective policy formulation and resource allocation for blood safety and public health strategies. Understanding the burden of HBV in this population is crucial to minimizing transmission risks and safeguarding public health.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
General Objective:
To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B infection among blood donors in General Hospital Tafawa Balewa.
Specific Objectives:
To identify the demographic characteristics of blood donors with HBV infection.
To compare HBV prevalence rates between first-time and repeat blood donors.
To assess the effectiveness of existing blood screening protocols at the hospital.
To recommend strategies for improving blood safety and reducing HBV transmission.
1.4 Research Questions
What is the prevalence rate of HBV infection among blood donors in General Hospital Tafawa Balewa?
What are the demographic patterns associated with HBV infection in the donor population?
How do HBV prevalence rates differ between first-time and repeat donors?
How effective are the current blood screening protocols in detecting HBV?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study contributes to understanding the prevalence of HBV among blood donors in Tafawa Balewa, addressing a critical knowledge gap. The findings will aid healthcare providers, policymakers, and public health authorities in:
Enhancing blood safety protocols.
Designing targeted public health interventions, such as vaccination and awareness campaigns.
Improving resource allocation for HBV screening and treatment.
Additionally, the study will serve as a reference for future research on HBV epidemiology and blood safety in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on blood donors at General Hospital Tafawa Balewa, covering the period from January 2022 to December 2023. It investigates HBV prevalence, associated demographic patterns, and the effectiveness of blood screening protocols. While the study provides valuable insights, its findings may not be generalizable to other regions or donor populations.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): A virus that infects the liver, causing acute and chronic liver disease.
Prevalence: The proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given time.
Blood Donors: Individuals who voluntarily provide blood for transfusion purposes.
Blood Screening Protocols: Procedures used to test donated blood for infectious diseases before transfusion.
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