SLOPE PROCESSESS AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT:

A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF IDANRE AREA OF ONDO STATE.

SLOPE PROCESSESS AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT:

A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF IDANRE AREA OF ONDO STATE.

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SLOPE PROCESSESS AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT:

A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF IDANRE AREA OF ONDO STATE.

ABSTRACT

This work looks at the various dimensions of slope processes and how these process in turn result in the development of land forms in Idanre area of Ondo state.

The work also exposes the triggering mechanisms for the processes to manifest. These include rainfall, temperature and other physical characteristics of the rocks.

The study also focuses attention on the strength and capacity of material components and their relative resistivity to climate condition and weathering process at large.

A critical review of the topographic structure of the Idanre are of ondo state gives one an impression of which agricultural practice tales place. In this connection, the general landscape structure is viewed with the hope of showing areas where agriculture is practiced within the locality. This is obtained through cross-sectional profiling of the area.

Generally, the nature, structure and the lithological composition of the area is reviewed to see how these result in landform development in Idanre area of ondo state.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION:

Geomorphologists the world over would probably agree that the form and origin of hillside slopes pose certain fundamental problems in landform study.

The physical landscape is an assemblage of slope, the appearance and dimensions of which give an area its essential morphological character. More so, slope study, though slope study, though essential to geomorphology, have until recent times, been somewhat neglected. This neglect is nevertheless not unconnected with the immense difficulties encountered in the attempt to determine the nature, rate of operation and precise effects of the various processes working or acting upon slope form.

Despite the shortcomings envisaged in the neglect of slope study in the past years, evidence now has it that the trend has changed tremendously in recent years, and there is growing concentration of study on the mechanisms and rates of operation of basic slope processes such as weathering, soil creep and rain-wash.

These various processes are undoubtable altering the form of the slopes and creating other micro-forms which had in general, posed problems to man curiously in search of comfort.

Places where slopes are profound in number, the result of the work of the various processes, had coursed extra burden to civil engineers and the like construction companies; and as well modified the settlement pattern of the areas. The agricultural pattern as well as the types of crops cultivated have been conditioned to the nature of the general landscape structure.

There is also an association influence of the topography to the climate and vegetation of the area which consequently has influence on the rainfall distribution. The life-style of the people is also wholly influenced by such factors as landscape structure topography and climate variation.

Among the numerous processes of slope, landslide has assumed a dramatic expression of force overcoming resistance. Landscape is more of a generic term embracing other sub-processes. Same as the study of slope and remained neglected in the past, is also that of landslide. But in recent times, the problem has been identified as a result of re-newed movement in previously unorganised land slipped areas. This neglect as well as the undue unawareness is however connected with the nature of deposited resulting from slope processes slope study in its forms, nature and evolution have been done by many geomorphologies notably Davis, Penck, King and others who have assigned different approaches to slope evolution. These approaches are however discussion in subsequent chapters. But it is noteworthy at this juncture to mention that two prominent geomorphologies, W.M Davis and W. Penck, have views slope evolution through the propounding of theories: the parallel retreat of slope evolution through the propounding of theories: the parallel retreat of slope and the slope decline. Suffice it to say that other geomorphologies have either agreed with the Davisian and Penchkian theories or deduced new theories to replace the later.

In recent times mathematical models have been deduced to fully appreciate slope formation. However, it si not enough to appreciate these variously deduced models without asserting their degree of connection with present-day slope forms.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE OF STUDY

The objective of this study is to gain an insight into the reality and mechanisms of the dual processes as shall be seen in the main body of this study seek to examine and give room for answers to certain geomorphological questions with regard slope study. Precise among such questions with regard slope study. Precisely among such questions are

What is the precise relationship between slope form and the various denudation processes operating on slope?
What is or are the various form(s) slope assume?
Are slopes, like rivers, able to attain or even approach a state of equilibrium? And
What is the influence of geologic structure and rock type on slope form and steepness? These ate however few among the numerous questions that abound in slope study.

The study also aims at focussing attention on the influence of climate and vegetation cover on slope forms and patterns and as these ie climate and vegetation, later turn out to effect the general characteristics of the slopes.

It is within the above framework that the format of the study has been divided into various sections for precision and comprehension. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the review of the introduction of the study, statement of the objective and rationale of study, statement of problem in which case, the different processes of slope and their impacts on the general landscape of the indanre area is received. The morphological description of the area is also attempted in this chapter. This is done to expose the different types of slopes found within the area: those covered with the earth but assume an inclined angular differences with surrounding areas and those that bare rocky surfaces that assume steel angular differences and otherwise.

The methodology employed in carrying out the study is also stated. The methodology exposes the precise and exact methods, instruments and sources of data, employed in carrying out the study. Here field measurements and observations are prominent; literature review however concludes the chapter. The literature review attempts to look at the work of early writers on the subject.

Chapter ii is principally devoted to the theoretical framework whereas, topics like slope forms, process and form analysis, slope failure analysis among others will be revealed.

Chapter iii is essentially field study work. This is further divided into sub-sections: slope profiling and survey, soil characteristic of the area, texture and catena. Within this chapter, the influence of the climate and hence vegetation is also taken into consideration rock type and characteristics are also examined to ascertain the actual proficiency of the various denudation activities of slope.

Chapter iv is devoted to data evaluation: This entails the correlation of data obtained from the field and those (data) obtained from secondary sources. This chapter also examines the relationship between landslides and the processes of slope. Conclusion and recommendation are also contained in this chapter.

In as much as mathematical application hence qualification is attaining higher grounds in geomorphological studies, attempt is made to employ this in places where such is applicable. This is done to effect precision and clear definition.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

It is undoubtedly an exclusive fact that the various processes of slope and the general structure of slopes do pose problems to people in and around Idanre and this manifests in

Distortion of agricultural activities around the surrounding areas.
Susceptibility to erosional features which demises the soil nutrients rapidly.
Distortion of civil construction and difficult in construction work due to hard resistant rocks.
Additional cost in construction work on the part of the government due to the nature of the topography.
No room for expand as the whole town (Idanre) is enclosed by ringed complexes.
Deformation of the landscape structure by the effects of erosion and
Modification of the people’s mode of life pattern.
- MORPHOLOGY OF CASE STUDY AREA:

Idanre is one of the major cocoa producing areas of ondo state. The town is located between latitude 7⁰5’N and longitude 5⁰E of the Greenwich Meridian. It (Idanre) could also be located geographically 16km south west of Akure, the state capital.

The Idanre area is generally and characteristically hilly and the new town, Odode is walled round by ringed complexes. These ringed complexes assumed different patterns and heights which have allowed settlement on top of few hills, notably oke Idnare, where the paramount ruler, the owa of idanre lives. Settlement pattern in the area could be said to be linear following the pattern of distribution of the ringed complexes, which restrict4ed expansion to areas where the slopes are not so steel for human habitation. More so, houses are built in line with the structure of the topography. That is where the terrain is sloppy, houses are constructed to meet a unit of elevation with slopes.

The agricultural systems also follow the nature of the topography where different systems of agricultural practices are employed. Specifically, the terrace farming system and contour ploughing are pre-dominant in the area. Erosional feature have remarkable influence on the agricultural practices of the people. Deep gullies are created by the action of running water, and have caused devastation to the soil vis-à-vis cultivated crops. This has constrained the people to the cultivation of tone major cash crop (cocoa) at the foot of the slopes.

Apart from the major structural features of the town-Idanre, beyond the are, that is the outskirt, deep gullies have been formed and consequent upon this, rivulets emanate from the foot hills which disengage their contents into bigger rivers: the rivers are ipelu, Owena, Apomu, Arun to mention but a few. Within the Idanre ringed complexes, the major river that drains the area is the opa river which subsequently empties into the owena River.

Like earlier established, the general feature wh ich distinguishes the are from other areas within the state is the residual alignment. (Fariran & Ojo 1980). These are characteristically bare-faced rocks but with little soil and vegetation cover. These have been subjected to weather conditions typified by scars produced on the rocks. On the bare rocks, plane features, granular fracturing, and rock disintegration are also noticed.

However, the nature, pattern and structure of alignment for the rocks of the area make the area distinct in varying degrees to adjoining areas.

METHODOLOGY:

This study employed a number of sources in gathering information: Primary sources were based on field measurements and observations; while secondary data based on data obtained from various materials such as text books, journals and metrological data. The work strictly deals with ‘’processes and forms’’ of the Idanre landscape. No questionnaires were employed.

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