ASSESSMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON LAND RESOURCES

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ASSESSMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON LAND RESOURCES

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background

The Earth’s surface is a dynamic tapestry shaped by a complex interplay of geological processes, climate dynamics, and human activities. Understanding the intricate relationship between geomorphic processes and human influence on land resources is crucial for sustainable land management and resource utilization. Geomorphic processes, driven by natural forces, shape the landforms we observe today, while human activities exert a significant impact, often altering the landscape at an unprecedented pace.

Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do: to understand landform history and dynamics, and predict future changes through a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within geology, geodesy, geography, archaeology, and civil and environmental engineering. Early studies in geomorphology are the

foundation for pedology, one of two main branches of soil science. Landforms evolve in response to a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes. The landscape is built up through tectonic uplift and volcanism. Denudation occurs by erosion and mass wasting, which produces sediment that is transported and deposited elsewhere within the landscape or off the coast. Landscapes are also lowered by subsidence, either due to tectonics or physical changes in underlying sedimentary deposits. These processes are each influenced differently by climate, ecology, and human activity.

Practical applications of geomorphology include measuring the effects of climate change, hazard assessments including landslide prediction and mitigation, river control and restoration, coastal protection, and even assessing the presence of water on Mars.

In spite of the frequent onslaught by the dynamically changing seasonal processes and frequent disaster like cyclone, the coastal regime still remains as an attractive piece of land on the terrestrial surface, owing to it’s ever moisture regimes, flourishing agricultural fields, highly charged natural resources and the ever enjoyable beach resorts. Hence, the coastal zone has become an interesting area warranting regular monitoring so that the population as well as the natural resources can be well protected.

Of the total length of 7,500 km Nigeria’s coastline, most of the regions are under sustained erosion and subjected to various changes. Different types of coastal landforms are being resulted from the action of variety of natural agents. These landforms speak indirectly the tell – tale of their origin and the turbulences, they have undergone since their formation. In the coastal region of Nigeria, East coast is differing from West coast in the nature of geomorphic landforms and evolution (Ahmad, 1972).

The East coast is indented with major river deltas like Ganges, Godavari, Bhramaputra, Cauvery, etc., whereas the West coast is characterized by the absence of river deltas. Moreover, East coast constitutes alluvial deposits and

extensively developed beaches. On the contrary the West coastline shows highly irregular nature with cliffed pocket beaches and wave eroded beaches.

Coastal regions have attracted researcher’s attention due to the increasing and imminent threat of sea level rise and its possible implications.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Environmental geomorphology has emerged very recently during 1960’s as a part of applied geomorphology which deals with landforms and landscape in relation to the impact of human interferences on natural landform process and vice versa. The growing importance of this sub-discipline of geomorphology in identifying, evaluating, decision-making and managing of various problems arising out of landform-man interaction has led in recent years to take up more and more effective studies.

Accordingly such studies have quite largely appeared in the developed countries. The developing countries like Nigeria are also not lagging far behind as such studies bear a great practical significance. It has been observed that many geomohologists like, Goudie (1984), Cooke and Doornkamp (1974) worked on theoretical approaches, while many others have exercised in finding genesis, causes, impact and solution of environmental problems of geomorphic significance in the practical direction of the sub-discipline.

Like the development of other things, the geomorphological matter and development are also no doubt dynamic. The term ‘dynamic’ denotes constant changes, while the ‘dynamics’ as used in the title of the thesis refers to the constant change of landform including its characteristics because of the influence of natural forces and processes on the one hand, and the human interferences on the other. Landforms, though apparently static in their locations, have ever been changing their surface and even the structure and inherent dynamics get changed due to a number of causes.

Exogenetic forces along with human interferences are acting on landforms composed of hills, highland and lowlands to change their surfaces in a sort of accelerated way. Such an accelerated change creates a number of environmental pattern and problems of geomorphic as well as non- geomorphic significances. It is observed that various kinds of landforms have rendered burning problems before land mangers, planners and administrations. For this reason hills, hill slopes, highland, plains and lowlands much interfered by man in some specific areas specially within or near the areas of high population concentration have been one of the major thrust areas for research investigation not only in developed countries but also in developing countries like Nigeria. Of late, the geomorphologic face of some areas in Nigeria’s south east has been seen to have rapid changes.

Because of intensive interference of human agents with the surface area of polobubuo covering an area of 240km2 there have been continuous changes of

both the physical and cultural morphology. The the low-lying plains have been filled up by earth derived from, the natural drainage in the area are highly made inefficient because of human aggression, the artificial drainage are made to be loaded with debris.

The present study area has now been with a number of serious problems of geomorphic and environmental significances. Being impressed by the present scenario of geomorphic development yielding a peculiar and unique geomorphology and environment in Polobubuo Area In Warri Lga Delta state.

Geomorphology, the study of Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it, provides insights into the forces responsible for landform development. Geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition continually mold the Earth’s surface, creating diverse landforms, including mountains, valleys, plains, and coastlines. The dynamic interactions between tectonic forces, weathering agents, and climatic conditions contribute to the ever-changing nature of the Earth’s topography.

1.3 Human Influence on Land Resources

While natural processes play a fundamental role in shaping landscapes, human activities have become a dominant force in modifying land resources. Rapid population growth, urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization have led to extensive land-use changes, often resulting in habitat loss, soil degradation, and alteration of natural ecosystems. The impact of human activities on land resources extends beyond local scales, contributing to global environmental challenges such as deforestation, desertification, and climate change.

1.4 Scope and Importance of the Study

This research aims to explore and analyze the intricate interplay between geomorphic processes and human influence on land resources. By examining the dynamic relationships between natural forces and anthropogenic activities, we seek to better comprehend the complexities of contemporary landscapes. The findings of this study will contribute to informed land management strategies, sustainable development practices, and the preservation of valuable ecosystems.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of this research are:

a) To investigate the key geomorphic processes shaping the Earth’s surface.

b) To assess the various ways in which human activities influence land resources.

c) To analyze the interactions and feedback loops between geomorphic processes and human-induced changes.

d) To identify potential challenges and opportunities for sustainable land management in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

1.6 Organization of the Thesis

This thesis is structured to provide a comprehensive exploration of the complex relationship between geomorphic processes and human influence on land resources. Chapter Two reviews relevant literature, highlighting key concepts and theories in geomorphology and land resource management. Chapter Three delves into the methodologies employed in this study, including data collection, analysis techniques, and case study selection. Subsequent chapters present the research findings, discuss implications, and conclude with recommendations for sustainable land management practices.

In summary, this introductory chapter sets the stage for a thorough investigation into the dynamic interplay between geomorphic processes and human influence on land resources, emphasizing the critical need for holistic approaches to address contemporary environmental challenges.

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