THE AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN LAGOS STATE
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THE AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN LAGOS STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Education is universally recognized as a key instrument for national development, fostering economic growth, social cohesion, and individual empowerment (UNESCO, 2015). In Nigeria, secondary education serves as a crucial bridge between foundational learning and tertiary education or vocational training. Effective teaching at the senior secondary school level is essential for equipping students with the academic competencies, critical thinking skills, and societal values needed for future challenges (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2013).
The quality of teaching in senior secondary schools is influenced by a combination of factors, among which the availability of human and material resources occupies a central position. Human resources encompass the teaching workforce, including teachers’ qualifications, competencies, and workload. Material resources include textbooks, laboratories, instructional aids, libraries, multimedia technology, and adequate classroom facilities (Adeyemi & Adu, 2012). Research shows that the availability and adequacy of these resources significantly affect the teaching–learning environment and educational outcomes (UNICEF, 2019; Okeke, 2018).
In Lagos State, Nigeria’s economic hub with a large and diverse student population, senior secondary schools vary in their resource endowment. Some urban schools are relatively well-resourced, while others—especially in peri-urban or high-density communities—suffer shortages of qualified teachers, laboratories, teaching aids, and other instructional materials. These disparities may undermine teaching effectiveness and widen educational inequality (Ayo et al., 2017).
Teaching effectiveness refers to the extent to which instructional processes result in desired learning outcomes, including students’ academic performance, engagement, and mastery of curriculum objectives. It also involves pedagogical practices, classroom management, and teachers’ ability to adapt instructional resources to meet students’ needs (Darling-Hammond, 2017). Studies indicate that schools with adequate human and material resources tend to exhibit higher teaching effectiveness compared to poorly resourced schools (Akande, 2015; Mohammed & Anwar, 2019).
Although various policy initiatives such as the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme and state-level education reforms have aimed to improve resource provision in schools, challenges persist in Lagos State (Lagos State Ministry of Education, 2020). These challenges include teacher shortages, high student–teacher ratios, aging infrastructure, and insufficient instructional materials. Hence, it is important to assess the availability of human and material resources and how they influence the effectiveness of teaching in senior secondary schools in Lagos State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite considerable investments in education, many senior secondary schools in Lagos State continue to struggle with inadequate human and material resources. Insufficient qualified teachers, lack of teaching-learning materials, obsolete laboratory equipment, and overcrowded classrooms are frequently reported (Ayo et al., 2017). Such resource constraints may negatively affect teachers’ ability to deliver lessons effectively and students’ opportunities to learn meaningfully.
Previous studies have explored resource challenges in Nigerian schools generally (Adeyemi & Adu, 2012; Okeke, 2018). However, there is limited empirical evidence specifically examining how availability of human and material resources relates to teaching effectiveness in senior secondary schools within Lagos State. This gap hinders the identification of targeted strategies to strengthen resource allocation and instructional quality. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the availability of human and material resources and their influence on the effectiveness of teaching in Lagos State senior secondary schools.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the availability of human and material resources and the effectiveness of teaching in senior secondary schools in Lagos State.
The specific objectives are to:
Assess the level of availability of qualified teaching staff in senior secondary schools in Lagos State.
Determine the adequacy of material resources for teaching in senior secondary schools.
Evaluate the effectiveness of teaching practices in senior secondary schools.
Examine the relationship between human resource availability and teaching effectiveness.
Examine the relationship between material resource availability and teaching effectiveness.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following research questions:
To what extent are qualified teachers available in senior secondary schools in Lagos State?
How adequate are material resources in senior secondary schools in Lagos State?
How effective are teaching practices in senior secondary schools in Lagos State?
What is the relationship between the availability of human resources and teaching effectiveness?
What is the relationship between the availability of material resources and teaching effectiveness?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be useful to educational policymakers, school administrators, and stakeholders in Lagos State by providing insights into current resource challenges and their implications for teaching quality. Policymakers can use the findings to inform strategic allocation of resources, teacher recruitment, and capacity-building initiatives. School administrators may benefit by identifying priority areas for improvement, while teachers may gain a better understanding of how resources influence instructional practices.
Additionally, this study contributes to academic literature on education resource management and instructional effectiveness, particularly within the context of Nigerian secondary schools.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on senior secondary schools in Lagos State. It examines the availability of human resources (teachers’ qualifications and staffing) and material resources (instructional materials, laboratory equipment, libraries) and evaluates their influence on teaching effectiveness. The study covers selected public and private senior secondary schools across different local government areas within Lagos State.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Availability: Refers to the presence and accessibility of human and material resources necessary for teaching and learning.
Human Resources: Qualified teachers and instructional staff required for delivering curriculum content effectively.
Material Resources: Physical teaching-learning materials such as textbooks, laboratory equipment, instructional aids, and classroom facilities.
Effectiveness of Teaching: The degree to which instructional practices achieve desired student learning outcomes and engagement.
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