CREATION AND PROCESSING OF GREEN PESTICIDES FROM AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS

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CREATION AND PROCESSING OF GREEN PESTICIDES FROM AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Agricultural activities worldwide often generate significant amounts of waste in the form of crop residues, fruit peels, husks, shells, and other by-products (Ravindran & Jaiswal, 2016). Traditionally, these wastes are either left to decompose, burned, or dumped, leading to environmental pollution and loss of potential resources (Kumar et al., 2020). However, recent studies have emphasized the potential of agricultural waste as a resource for producing bio-based products, including fertilizers, biofuels, and eco-friendly pesticides (Singh & Singh, 2021).

Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture by protecting crops from pests, diseases, and weeds, thereby ensuring food security (Pimentel & Burgess, 2014). However, conventional chemical pesticides have been associated with numerous negative impacts, including soil degradation, water contamination, toxicity to non-target organisms, and development of pest resistance (Aktar, Sengupta, & Chowdhury, 2009). In response to these challenges, eco-friendly or biopesticides derived from natural sources such as plants, microorganisms, and agricultural waste have gained attention as sustainable alternatives (Isman, 2020).

Eco-friendly pesticides are characterized by their biodegradability, lower toxicity to humans and non-target organisms, and reduced environmental footprint (Koul, 2016). Agricultural wastes such as neem leaves, citrus peels, rice husks, and fruit residues contain bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties, making them ideal raw materials for producing natural pesticides (Gnanavel, 2019). By valorizing agricultural waste for pesticide production, farmers can minimize environmental pollution, reduce production costs, and promote sustainable agricultural practices (Rahman et al., 2021).

Despite the potential benefits, the production and commercialization of eco-friendly pesticides from agricultural waste remain limited due to challenges in formulation, standardization, storage stability, and large-scale production (Tripathi et al., 2018). Therefore, research into developing effective and scalable methods for producing eco-friendly pesticides from agricultural waste is essential to enhance agricultural sustainability and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The intensive use of chemical pesticides has led to severe environmental and health problems, including contamination of water bodies, soil degradation, and bioaccumulation of toxic substances in humans and animals (Aktar et al., 2009). In many developing countries, farmers rely heavily on synthetic pesticides without adequate knowledge of safe application practices, increasing exposure risks (Abou-Arab, 2010).

Moreover, large quantities of agricultural waste are either burned or discarded, causing environmental pollution and wasting valuable bioactive compounds that could serve as natural pest control agents (Kumar et al., 2020). The underutilization of agricultural waste not only contributes to environmental hazards but also represents a missed economic opportunity for farmers and agro-industries (Singh & Singh, 2021).

Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop methods to convert agricultural waste into eco-friendly pesticides. Such an approach can simultaneously address the problem of environmental pollution from waste disposal and reduce the adverse effects of chemical pesticides on human health and ecosystems.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of this study is to explore the formulation and production of eco-friendly pesticides from agricultural waste to provide sustainable pest control solutions.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To identify types of agricultural waste suitable for pesticide production.

To develop an effective formulation of eco-friendly pesticides using selected agricultural waste.

To evaluate the pesticidal efficacy of the formulated products against common crop pests.

To assess the environmental safety of the formulated eco-friendly pesticides.

To explore the potential economic benefits of producing pesticides from agricultural waste.

1.4 Research Questions

Which types of agricultural waste are most suitable for producing eco-friendly pesticides?

How can agricultural waste be formulated into effective pesticides?

What is the effectiveness of the formulated eco-friendly pesticides against pests?

Are the eco-friendly pesticides safe for the environment and non-target organisms?

What are the potential economic advantages of producing pesticides from agricultural waste?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons:

Environmental Impact: By utilizing agricultural waste, this research contributes to reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable agricultural practices (Rahman et al., 2021).

Human and Animal Health: Eco-friendly pesticides are less toxic than synthetic chemicals, thereby reducing health risks for farmers, consumers, and wildlife (Isman, 2020).

Economic Benefits: Converting waste into value-added products can provide additional income for farmers and entrepreneurs while reducing costs associated with chemical pesticides (Gnanavel, 2019).

Scientific Contribution: The study provides empirical data on the formulation, efficacy, and safety of biopesticides derived from agricultural waste, potentially guiding future research and policy-making in sustainable agriculture.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the identification, formulation, and production of eco-friendly pesticides from locally available agricultural waste. It examines the effectiveness of these pesticides against selected crop pests and assesses their environmental safety. The study is limited to laboratory-scale production and testing and does not include commercialization or large-scale field trials.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Agricultural Waste: By-products of farming activities such as crop residues, husks, shells, and peels (Ravindran & Jaiswal, 2016).

Eco-Friendly Pesticides: Natural or biopesticides that are biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for non-target organisms (Koul, 2016).

Formulation: The process of developing a stable and effective mixture of bioactive compounds for pest control (Tripathi et al., 2018).

Pesticidal Efficacy: The ability of a pesticide to effectively control or eliminate target pests (Gnanavel, 2019).

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