EVALUATION OF HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOSPITALS ACROSS NIGERIA WITH PROPOSED SAFE DISPOSAL METHODS
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EVALUATION OF HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOSPITALS ACROSS NIGERIA WITH PROPOSED SAFE DISPOSAL METHODS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Healthcare facilities generate a wide range of wastes, including infectious, pathological, pharmaceutical, chemical, sharps, and general non-hazardous waste. Improper handling and disposal of these wastes pose serious risks to patients, healthcare workers, waste handlers, and the surrounding community (World Health Organization, 2014). In developing countries such as Nigeria, hospital waste management remains a major public health concern due to weak regulatory enforcement, insufficient resources, and lack of awareness among personnel (Longe & Williams, 2006).
Hospital waste is particularly hazardous because it may contain infectious agents, toxic chemicals, and radioactive materials capable of causing injuries, poisoning, and disease outbreaks (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2013). When poorly segregated, collected, transported, or disposed of, healthcare wastes can contaminate soil, water, and air, thereby escalating environmental degradation and public health risks. In many Nigerian hospitals, open dumping, incineration without emission controls, and indiscriminate landfill disposal remain common practices (Olufayo & Omotosho, 2020).
Effective waste disposal practices require adequate segregation at source, color-coded containers, trained personnel, availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe final disposal methods compliant with national and international guidelines (WHO, 2014). However, many hospitals in Nigeria face challenges such as lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, insufficient training, and poor monitoring systems (Adeleke et al., 2019). These deficiencies contribute to unsafe practices that endanger occupational and environmental health.
Therefore, assessing waste disposal practices in Nigerian hospitals is essential in order to identify gaps, evaluate compliance with recommended standards, and propose safe management strategies that enhance healthcare quality and safety.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Although health facilities are expected to operate under strict sanitary and environmental regulations, many hospitals in Nigeria still dispose of waste improperly. Reports indicate frequent mixing of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, lack of segregation at source, poor storage conditions, and disposal through open burning or uncontrolled dumpsites (Olufayo & Omotosho, 2020). These practices expose healthcare workers and scavengers to needle-stick injuries, blood-borne infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV, as well as chemical toxicity (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2013).
Furthermore, weak institutional policies, insufficient funding, inadequate training, and absence of properly designed waste treatment facilities worsen the situation (Adeleke et al., 2019). The continued persistence of these problems calls for systematic assessment of existing waste disposal practices and development of safe, sustainable management strategies suited to Nigerian hospitals.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to assess waste disposal practices in Nigerian hospitals and recommend safe management strategies.
The specific objectives are to:
Examine the current waste disposal practices adopted in Nigerian hospitals.
Assess the level of segregation, storage, collection, and transportation of hospital wastes.
Determine the level of awareness and training of healthcare workers on safe waste management.
Identify challenges associated with hospital waste management in Nigeria.
Recommend effective and safe strategies for improving waste disposal practices in Nigerian hospitals.
1.4 Research Questions
This study is guided by the following research questions:
What waste disposal practices are currently adopted in Nigerian hospitals?
How are hospital wastes segregated, stored, collected, and transported?
What is the level of awareness and training of healthcare workers regarding safe waste management?
What challenges hinder effective waste disposal practices in Nigerian hospitals?
What strategies can improve waste disposal and ensure safe management of hospital wastes?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant in several ways:
Healthcare administrators: It will provide insights for strengthening institutional waste management systems.
Policy makers and regulators: It supports improved legislation and enforcement in healthcare waste management (WHO, 2014).
Healthcare workers: It enhances awareness of occupational hazards and promotes safer practices.
Environmental health professionals: It provides evidence to inform interventions that protect environmental quality and public health.
Researchers and academics: It contributes to existing knowledge and forms a basis for further research on healthcare waste management in developing countries.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on hospital waste disposal practices in Nigerian hospitals. It covers waste types, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and final disposal methods. Attention is given to public and private hospitals and healthcare workers directly involved in waste handling. The study does not include non-hospital healthcare facilities such as small clinics and pharmacies.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Healthcare Waste: Wastes generated from medical activities, including sharps, infectious, pharmaceutical, and chemical wastes.
Waste Disposal Practices: Methods adopted for handling, segregating, storing, transporting, treating, and disposing of hospital waste.
Hospital Waste Management: The entire process of waste generation to final disposal within healthcare institutions.
Safe Management Strategies: Evidence-based approaches aimed at minimizing health and environmental risks associated with healthcare waste.
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