Evaluation of Natural Risk Factors in the Obudu Hillside Region of Cross River State, Nigeria
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Evaluation of Natural Risk Factors in the Obudu Hillside Region of Cross River State, Nigeria
Abstract
Natural hazards in hillside environments pose significant threats to both human settlements and ecological systems, particularly in regions characterized by steep topography and high rainfall. The Obudu hillsides of Cross River State, Nigeria, are highly vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards, including soil erosion, landslides, flooding, and rock falls. These hazards are exacerbated by unsustainable land use practices such as deforestation, overgrazing, road construction, and agricultural expansion on fragile slopes. This study investigates the occurrence, causes, and socio-economic impacts of natural hazards in Obudu hillsides, with a focus on environmental degradation, loss of farmlands, infrastructure damage, and displacement of local communities. Both primary and secondary data were employed, including field observations, structured questionnaires, and meteorological records. Findings reveal that intense rainfall, steep gradient, and human-induced land use changes are the principal drivers of hazards in the area, leading to declining agricultural productivity and increasing vulnerability of hillside settlements. The study highlights the urgent need for slope stabilization measures, afforestation programs, improved land use planning, and community-based disaster risk management strategies. The outcomes provide valuable insights for policymakers, environmental managers, and local stakeholders in mitigating hazards and promoting sustainable hillside management in Cross River State.
Keywords: Natural hazards, Obudu hillsides, erosion, landslides, Cross River State, disaster risk management.
able of Content
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses (if applicable)
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Concept of Natural Hazards
2.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards in Hill Environments
2.1.3 Human Activities and Environmental Vulnerability
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Theories
2.2.2 Environmental Hazard Models (Pressure and Release Model, Risk-Hazard Model)
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Studies on Hillside Hazards in Nigeria
2.3.2 Global Perspectives on Hillside Natural Hazards
2.3.3 Previous Studies on Obudu and Similar Regions
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Description of the Study Area (Obudu Hillsides, Cross River State)
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Sources of Data
3.5.1 Primary Data (field survey, interviews, questionnaires, observations)
3.5.2 Secondary Data (meteorological data, land use records, academic journals)
3.6 Instruments for Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis (qualitative and quantitative)
3.8 Validity and Reliability of Instruments
3.9 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis, and Discussion
4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.2 Occurrence and Types of Natural Hazards in Obudu Hillsides
4.3 Human Activities and Their Contribution to Natural Hazards
4.4 Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of Hazards
4.5 Statistical/Spatial Analysis of Data (maps, graphs, tables)
4.6 Discussion of Findings in Relation to Reviewed Literature
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
References
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