EVALUATION OF RADON GAS EXPOSURE IN HOMES AND OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS

EVALUATION OF RADON GAS EXPOSURE IN HOMES AND OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS

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EVALUATION OF RADON GAS EXPOSURE IN HOMES AND OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS

Abstract

Radon gas, a naturally occurring radioactive element formed from the decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water, is a significant environmental health concern due to its carcinogenic properties. It is recognized as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. This study investigates radon gas levels in both residential and occupational environments to assess potential exposure risks and their implications for public health. Using standardized radon detectors and measurement protocols, indoor radon concentrations were monitored across selected residential homes and workplaces. The findings revealed spatial variations in radon levels, influenced by geological formations, building materials, ventilation practices, and occupational activities. In several cases, measured concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization’s recommended reference level of 100 Bq/m³, suggesting potential long-term health risks for inhabitants and workers. The study underscores the urgent need for increased public awareness, routine monitoring, and the development of regulatory guidelines for radon control in Nigeria. It concludes that radon mitigation strategies—such as improved building design, enhanced ventilation, and the use of radon-resistant materials—are critical for safeguarding both residential communities and occupational environments from radiation-related hazards.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Radon gas is a naturally occurring radioactive noble gas produced from the decay of uranium and thorium in rocks, soil, and groundwater (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). Being colorless, odorless, and tasteless, it cannot be detected by human senses, which makes it a silent but significant environmental health hazard. Globally, radon is recognized as the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoking and the primary cause among non-smokers (Darby et al., 2005). Its entry into indoor environments occurs mainly through cracks in building foundations, poorly sealed floors, and construction materials containing trace amounts of uranium (Field, 2010).

In residential settings, prolonged exposure to elevated radon concentrations increases cumulative radiation doses to the lungs, thereby heightening cancer risk (United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], 2020). Similarly, in occupational environments such as mines, underground facilities, and poorly ventilated workplaces, radon levels may be significantly higher, placing workers at even greater risk (Krewski et al., 2006). Studies have demonstrated that occupational exposure contributes substantially to the global burden of radon-induced health conditions (Lubin et al., 2004).

The concern about radon gas levels is particularly important in developing countries where public awareness, monitoring infrastructure, and mitigation policies remain limited (Taskin et al., 2009). Nigeria, for instance, has diverse geological formations that can emit radon, but systematic surveys are sparse and limited to localized studies (Jwanbot et al., 2012). As a result, there is insufficient data on the extent of residential and occupational radon exposure across different regions, leaving many communities vulnerable without effective mitigation strategies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Radon exposure has been established as a major contributor to environmental and occupational health risks, yet it often receives less attention compared to other pollutants. In Nigeria, the level of public knowledge and awareness about radon hazards remains very low, and radon monitoring is not routinely incorporated into environmental or workplace safety regulations (Obed et al., 2010). This creates a public health gap, as individuals living in high-risk areas or working in poorly ventilated buildings may be exposed to unsafe levels of radiation without realizing it.

Furthermore, existing studies in Nigeria have been localized and fragmented, with little comprehensive evaluation of both residential and occupational environments (Oni et al., 2017). Without adequate data, policymakers and environmental agencies cannot effectively design guidelines or mitigation strategies. Therefore, assessing radon gas levels in residential and occupational environments is essential to inform regulatory frameworks and protect public health.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to evaluate radon gas levels in residential and occupational environments. The specific objectives are to:

Measure radon gas concentrations in selected residential homes and occupational settings.

Compare measured concentrations with international reference levels (e.g., WHO and USEPA standards).

Assess the factors influencing radon accumulation, including geological formations, building design, and ventilation.

Evaluate potential health risks associated with exposure in residential and occupational environments.

Recommend appropriate mitigation and policy interventions.

1.4 Research Questions

The study seeks to answer the following questions:

What are the levels of radon gas concentrations in the selected residential and occupational environments?

How do the measured levels compare with WHO and USEPA recommended limits?

What factors contribute to variations in radon gas accumulation in these environments?

What are the potential health implications of the measured radon levels?

What strategies can be adopted to minimize radon exposure in residential and occupational settings?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant because it provides empirical data on radon exposure in Nigeria, where studies are limited. The findings will contribute to filling the knowledge gap on environmental radioactivity and public health risks. For policymakers, the study will provide evidence needed to establish national guidelines and safety standards for radon monitoring and mitigation. For the general public, it will create awareness about the hidden risks of radon exposure and the importance of improved ventilation and building practices. Academically, the study will add to the growing body of literature on radon research in Africa, serving as a reference point for future investigations.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the assessment of radon gas levels in selected residential and occupational environments within a defined geographical area. Residential settings will include homes of different building types and geological locations, while occupational settings will include workplaces with varying ventilation characteristics. The study does not cover all regions of Nigeria but provides localized insights that can be generalized for broader awareness and policymaking.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Radon Gas: A naturally occurring radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium, which poses health risks when inhaled in elevated concentrations.

Residential Environment: Living spaces such as homes or apartments where people reside.

Occupational Environment: Workplaces where individuals carry out employment or economic activities, including offices, factories, and underground facilities.

Reference Level: The maximum recommended concentration of radon gas in indoor air as defined by international regulatory bodies (e.g., WHO, USEPA).

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