Natural Disasters and Environmental Risks in Obudu

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Natural Disasters and Environmental Risks in Obudu

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Natural hazards are environmental phenomena that pose significant threats to human life, property, and the ecosystem. These hazards include floods, landslides, droughts, erosion, and windstorms, which often occur due to both natural and anthropogenic factors (Nwafor, 2021). In Nigeria, the increasing frequency and intensity of natural hazards have been linked to climate variability, poor land-use practices, deforestation, and rapid urbanization (Adeleke & Okoro, 2020).

Obudu, located in the northern part of Cross River State, is a region known for its mountainous terrain, rich biodiversity, and unique climatic conditions. However, these same features also make it susceptible to natural hazards such as soil erosion, flooding, landslides, and occasional windstorms (Eze & Ibe, 2022). The topographical complexity of Obudu, especially around the Obudu Plateau, increases the risk of slope failures and flood events, particularly during the rainy season.

Globally, natural hazards have become a major focus of environmental and developmental research due to their impacts on human livelihoods and infrastructure (IPCC, 2021). The vulnerability of local communities in Obudu to these hazards is compounded by inadequate awareness, poor environmental management practices, and limited access to disaster response mechanisms (Effiong & Akomaye, 2023). Understanding the nature, causes, and impacts of these hazards is essential for developing sustainable risk reduction strategies.

Statement of the Problem

Despite its rich natural resources and tourism potential, Obudu faces recurrent environmental hazards that threaten agriculture, human settlements, and infrastructure. Soil erosion and flooding have led to land degradation and the displacement of households, while landslides have occasionally destroyed road networks and farmlands (Okon et al., 2022). The lack of effective preventive measures and early warning systems has further exacerbated the vulnerability of local residents.

There is limited research that systematically analyzes the nature of these natural hazards in Obudu and proposes practical solutions for risk reduction. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the types, causes, and frequency of these hazards to design sustainable prevention and mitigation strategies.

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to analyze natural hazards in Obudu with a view to identifying their causes, impacts, and possible prevention strategies.

The specific objectives are to:

Identify the types and distribution of natural hazards in Obudu.

Examine the physical and human factors contributing to the occurrence of these hazards.

Assess the socio-economic impacts of natural hazards on local communities.

Propose sustainable risk prevention and mitigation strategies.

Research Questions

What are the major types of natural hazards occurring in Obudu?

What factors contribute to the occurrence of these hazards?

How do these hazards affect the socio-economic activities of residents?

What preventive measures can be implemented to minimize their impact?

Justification for the Study

This study is justified by the increasing environmental and socio-economic consequences of natural hazards in Obudu. The research will provide valuable data for policymakers, planners, and local communities to improve disaster preparedness and management (Usman & Eze, 2021). Additionally, it aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 13, which emphasizes climate action and resilience building (UNDP, 2022).

Significance of the Study

The findings of this research will contribute to the understanding of local environmental risks and support evidence-based decision-making in land-use planning, infrastructure design, and environmental education. It will also aid in developing a localized risk prevention plan for the Obudu region and other similar mountainous areas in Nigeria (Etim & Nchor, 2020).

Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State. It emphasizes natural hazards such as erosion, floods, landslides, and windstorms, examining their causes, impacts, and mitigation approaches within the local socio-environmental context.

Justification for the Choice of the Area

Obudu was selected for this study due to its unique geomorphology and increasing exposure to environmental risks. The area experiences high annual rainfall exceeding 3,000 mm, steep terrain, and fragile soils that easily erode under heavy precipitation (Eze & Abang, 2021). Additionally, rapid population growth and expansion of agricultural land on marginal slopes have increased vulnerability to hazards such as landslides and gully erosion.

Furthermore, the Obudu Mountain Resort attracts both local and international tourists, making disaster management vital for sustaining economic activities. Recent reports by the Cross River State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA, 2024) have shown rising cases of slope failures and road washouts during rainy seasons. Therefore, studying natural hazards in this location contributes valuable insight for environmental planning and sustainable tourism development.

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