Relationship Between Corruption and Democratic Maturity in Nigeria (2015–2025)

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Relationship Between Corruption and Democratic Maturity in Nigeria (2015–2025)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Democracy is widely regarded as the most legitimate and participatory system of governance, founded on principles such as accountability, transparency, rule of law, and popular sovereignty (Diamond, 2015). Since Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999, successive governments have pursued democratic consolidation—defined as the process by which democracy becomes “the only game in town” and is deeply rooted in political culture and institutions (Linz & Stepan, 1996).

However, corruption has remained one of the most persistent obstacles to democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Corruption refers to the abuse of public office for private gain and manifests in forms such as bribery, embezzlement, electoral fraud, nepotism, and abuse of power (Transparency International, 2023). Between 2015 and 2025, Nigeria experienced significant political transitions, anti-corruption campaigns, and democratic reforms, yet corruption continued to undermine public trust in government institutions (Agbiboa, 2019).

Corruption weakens democratic consolidation by eroding institutional credibility, distorting electoral processes, weakening the rule of law, and alienating citizens from political participation (Rose-Ackerman & Palifka, 2016). When public officials manipulate state resources for personal or political advantage, democratic norms such as fairness, accountability, and equality before the law are compromised (Olowu, 2018).

In Nigeria, corruption has affected key democratic institutions including the legislature, judiciary, electoral bodies, political parties, and security agencies. Allegations of vote-buying, misappropriation of public funds, and selective prosecution have raised concerns about the sincerity and effectiveness of democratic governance (International Crisis Group, 2020). This study therefore examines the impact of corruption on the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria between 2015 and 2025.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite multiple anti-corruption initiatives since 2015, including institutional reforms and prosecutions, corruption remains deeply entrenched in Nigeria’s political system (Ibrahim, 2021). Public perception surveys consistently show low levels of trust in political leaders and democratic institutions due to persistent corruption scandals and weak accountability mechanisms (Transparency International, 2023).

Corruption has distorted electoral outcomes through vote-buying, intimidation, and manipulation of electoral processes, thereby weakening the legitimacy of elected officials (Schedler, 2013). Furthermore, selective enforcement of anti-corruption laws has raised concerns about political bias, which undermines the rule of law and democratic stability (Ojo, 2020).

The problem therefore lies in the contradiction between Nigeria’s democratic aspirations and the persistence of systemic corruption. Without addressing how corruption affects democratic consolidation, reforms may remain superficial. This study seeks to investigate the extent to which corruption has hindered the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria between 2015 and 2025.

1.3 Aim of the Study

The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of corruption on the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria from 2015 to 2025.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives are to:

Examine the nature and forms of corruption in Nigeria between 2015 and 2025.

Analyze how corruption has affected democratic institutions in Nigeria.

Assess the impact of corruption on electoral credibility and political participation.

Evaluate the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts in strengthening democracy.

Identify strategies for reducing corruption and promoting democratic consolidation.

1.5 Research Questions

What forms of corruption were prevalent in Nigeria between 2015 and 2025?

How has corruption affected democratic institutions in Nigeria?

What is the impact of corruption on elections and citizen participation?

How effective have anti-corruption policies been in consolidating democracy?

What measures can strengthen democratic governance in Nigeria?

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will be useful to:

Policymakers, by providing evidence-based insights for democratic and anti-corruption reforms.

Civil society organizations, in promoting transparency and accountability.

Electoral bodies, to strengthen the integrity of elections.

Researchers and students, as a contribution to the literature on democracy and governance in Nigeria.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on Nigeria’s democratic experience between 2015 and 2025, with emphasis on corruption and its impact on democratic consolidation. It covers political institutions, electoral processes, governance practices, and citizen participation within the Nigerian state.

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