DEVELOPMENT AND CALIBRATION OF A LOW-COST RADIATION DETECTOR
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DEVELOPMENT AND CALIBRATION OF A LOW-COST RADIATION DETECTOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses (if applicable)
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Overview of Radiation and Detection
2.1.2 Types of Radiation Detectors
2.1.3 Principles of Operation of Radiation Detectors
2.1.4 Importance of Calibration in Radiation Measurement
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Ionization Theory
2.2.2 Detection and Signal Processing Models
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Previous Studies on Low-Cost Detectors
2.3.2 Comparative Analysis of Detection Methods
2.3.3 Applications of Low-Cost Radiation Detectors in Developing Countries
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Materials and Equipment Used
3.3 Design and Construction of the Radiation Detector
3.4 Circuit Design and Component Description
3.5 Calibration Procedure
3.6 Data Collection and Measurement Process
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques
3.8 Reliability and Validity of the Detector
3.9 Safety and Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Presentation of Results
4.1.1 Detector Construction Outcome
4.1.2 Calibration Data and Graphical Analysis
4.1.3 Comparison with Standard Detector Readings
4.2 Discussion of Findings
4.2.1 Detector Accuracy and Sensitivity Analysis
4.2.2 Effect of Environmental Factors on Detector Performance
4.2.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Developed Detector
4.3 Summary of Results
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Study
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Radiation detection plays a critical role in several scientific, medical, and industrial applications such as nuclear power monitoring, medical diagnostics, radiotherapy, environmental safety, and homeland security (Knoll, 2010). The detection and measurement of ionizing radiation are essential for assessing exposure levels and ensuring compliance with safety regulations. Conventional radiation detectors—such as Geiger-Müller counters, scintillation detectors, and semiconductor detectors—have proven effective but are often expensive and complex to operate, especially in low-resource environments like developing countries (Hennig et al., 2019).
A low-cost radiation detector offers a feasible solution for radiation monitoring in educational institutions, hospitals, and research facilities with limited budgets. The advancement in microelectronics and sensor technologies has enabled the development of portable and affordable detectors that can measure radiation levels with reasonable accuracy (Petrick et al., 2016). Moreover, calibration of such detectors is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurements, as even slight deviations can lead to erroneous conclusions about radiation exposure levels (Kovacs et al., 2020).
In developing countries, including Nigeria, access to standard radiation monitoring devices is limited due to high costs, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of technical expertise (Obed et al., 2017). Developing a low-cost radiation detector not only provides an economic alternative but also enhances local capacity for radiation protection and safety. This development aligns with the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) recommendation on promoting safe, affordable, and sustainable use of radiation technologies (IAEA, 2021).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The high cost and limited availability of commercial radiation detection instruments have posed a major challenge to effective radiation monitoring and protection in developing nations. Laboratories and hospitals often lack appropriate detection equipment, leading to unsafe exposure levels and poor compliance with radiation protection standards (Arogunjo et al., 2019). Additionally, existing devices are sometimes too sophisticated for basic educational or field use. Therefore, there is a growing need for the development and calibration of a low-cost, efficient, and reliable radiation detector to bridge this gap and make radiation monitoring accessible and sustainable.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to develop and calibrate a low-cost radiation detector for effective radiation measurement.
The specific objectives are to:
Design and construct a low-cost radiation detector using locally available components.
Calibrate the developed detector against a standard commercial radiation meter.
Evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability of the detector.
Assess the performance of the detector under different environmental conditions.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following questions:
What design features are most suitable for a low-cost radiation detector?
How can the developed detector be calibrated for accurate measurement?
How does the performance of the developed detector compare to that of standard commercial models?
What are the environmental factors that influence the performance of the detector?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research contributes to the growing need for cost-effective technological innovations in radiation monitoring. The low-cost detector will serve as a valuable tool for radiation safety officers, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities. It also promotes local fabrication and knowledge transfer in the field of radiation physics and instrumentation (Ojo et al., 2020). Additionally, the calibrated detector can aid in real-time monitoring of background radiation, supporting environmental safety and public health.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the design, development, and calibration of a low-cost radiation detector using affordable and locally available materials. The detector will be tested for its ability to measure gamma radiation within a defined energy range. The calibration process will involve comparison with a standard commercial radiation detector to determine accuracy and sensitivity.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Possible limitations include the precision of locally sourced components, environmental factors affecting calibration, and limited access to high-precision calibration sources. However, these challenges will be mitigated through systematic testing and error analysis.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Radiation: The emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles.
Detector: A device used to identify and measure the presence and intensity of radiation.
Calibration: The process of comparing the measurements of an instrument with a known standard to ensure accuracy.
Low-cost: Refers to a system developed using inexpensive materials and components without compromising functionality.
Ionizing Radiation: Radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions.
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