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EFFECT OF PIT LATRINE ON WATER QUALITY OF WELLS IN UNGUWAN RIMI, KADUNA, NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the pollution effect of pit latrine on wells at Unguwan rimi, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study was carried out in September, 2007. Both the bacteriological and physiochemical components of the water were analyzed. These include the total coliform count, fecal coliform, taste, odour, colour, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, total titratable acidity, chloride and nitrate. The samples were analyzed using titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Correlation analysis was applied as part of analytical tool in this study. Findings showed that all the 12 samples tested positive to coliform count while 5 of the samples tested positive to fecal coliform. Half of the samples produced foul odour as 4 samples tasted sour. Most of the physico-chemical parameters fell within World Health Organization and European Union permissible standard for potable water. Significant relationship exists between the bacteriological and some of the physico-chemical parameters. The polluted water in most of the locations is capable of resulting in health problems, therefore not good for human consumption.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Groundwater pollution has been the focus of attention by many researchers in the recent times (Weissman et al., 1976: Graun, 1984; Whelan et al., 1984; Hyelni, 1994;
Dillion, 1997; Pedley and Howard, 1997; Howard et al., 2002; Khazael et al., 2004; Priiss-Ustun et al., 2004; Ayanlaja et al., 2005; Pritchard et al., 2007). Leachate from pit latrine is one of the major sources of this pollution. It is partly responsible for low access to potable water and sanitation problem especially in many developing countries (WHO, 2002). Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide an improved water supply and a safe means of excreta disposal.
Pit latrine is a common method of excreta disposal in the developing world. It is popular and widely used in urban slums as well as rural areas probably because it is the simplest, cheapest and the most efficient excreta disposal that is within the reach of the poor people. Rybezynski et al. (1977) affirmed that pit latrine remains to date, the most widely used technique for excreta disposal in the developing countries, both in the urban as
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
well as the rural areas. Ground water is often polluted because pit latrines are mostly located near water source such as shallow wells. In fact, pit latrine has been identified as a major source of contamination of wells with fecal matter (Molard et al., 1994; Howard et al., 2002; Ayanlaja et al., 2005; Pritchard et al., 2007). Bacteria, viruses and other contaminants such as nitrate infiltrate the surrounding soil through leachate from pit latrine to ground water and are transported by it. Dillon (1997) asserted that in the latrine pits, the liquid soaks away through the base and side of the pit.
The mass and chemical composition of feces, urine and the microbial composition of feces from adult is compose of calcium, carbon, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate (Feachem et al., 1983; Cancer, 1988). Human waste also contain large numbers of enteric micro-organisms that have high concentration of nutrients and a high oxygen demand, all of which may have adverse impact on groundwater quality (Dillon, 1997). At least, an average adult excrete about 2,000,000,000 coliform bacteria in each day (Geidrich, 1966).
The pathogenic organisms are the most important sources of serious illness and death especially among young children in poor countries. Water- related diseases such as cholera, bacillary dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, diarrhea and others are all feco-oral in their transmission (Trivedi et al.,1971; Feachen, 1983; Kukkula, 1997; Nassinyama et al., 2002; Priis-Uston., 2004). Unsafe water and poor sanitation account for 3. 7% of the global diseases, and 80% of all the diseases in the developing world. Diarrhea alone accounted for the yearly death of 1.6 million people around the world (WHO, 2007). Children under 5 years are the most vulnerable.
Wells are important source of water supply in the study area. The closeness of most of these pit latrines to wells is capable of causing ground water pollution, consequently leading to water-borne diseases and possible outbreak of epidemics. Therefore, it becomes imperative to embark on the study of the pollution effect of pit latrine on wells with the aim of analyzing the physico-chemical and bacteriological components of the water.
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