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TRENDS IN THE DROPOUT RATE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN OBIO AKPOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The meaning of education cannot be definite as it means different things to different people depending on their perception. There are cases where education is simply taken to mean “knowledge, Enlightenment, or “Wisdom”. No wonder one hears such expressions as “you are not enlightened “ to refer to the person that behaves differently from the norms of those who have been to school and so are hence “ the educated ”, “ the enlightened” or “ the wise ones”. It therefore lingers in controversy to adequately describe a person that has not attended a formal school system as uneducated.
Education could be defined as the process of teaching, training and learning in schools and colleges for the development of knowledge and skills so as to prepare individuals to live happily with themselves and others in the society where they live. Nwagwu (1976), defined education is the process by which every society attempts to preserve and upgrade the accumulated knowledge, skills and attitudes in its cultural setting and heritage in order to foster continuously the wellbeing of mankind and guarantee its survival against the unpredictable, at times hostile and destructive elements and forces of man and nature”. However, the focus of education is to imbue the individuals with the knowledge abilities, skills or behavior to enable them function in their immediate environment and the society at large.
From the definitions above, it is clear that education is the weapon of man or a society to war against destructive elements of man and nature. Hence, it is pertinent that a group of people bounded by a territorial boundary such as Nigeria should ensure that its educational goals are properly set and attained to make it abreast of educational developments among the committee of nations so that it will not be relegated to the background. Of importance among the usefulness of education, is its strategic position as the bedrock of technological and economic development of nations as the development of a nation is likely the output of efficient and well-developed educational system.
Education is the process through which individuals are made functional members of their society. It is a process through which the young acquires knowledge and realizes his/her potentialities and uses them for self actualization and become useful to himself/ herself and others.
Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December, 1949 stipulated that:
i. Everyone has the right to education. This shall be free at least in the elementary and primary stages.
ii. Elementary education shall be compulsory while technical and professional education shall be made generally available. iii. Higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
Reasons why everyone should have access and right to education includes the following;
i. The child is born helpless and has to rely entirely on parents and other older members of the society to survive and fulfill his/her growth needs in all their ramifications.
ii. The degree and quality of participation in the life of the society depends to a large extent on the degree and quality of his/ her education. This will enable him/her performs the political and other citizenship duties and exercises the rights pertaining to it effectively.
iii. Since every citizen benefits from the result of the education of his/her fellow citizens and since every generation receives its education from an older generation, every generation has a duty to reciprocateby educating the generation that comes after it.
No nation can afford to toy with the education of her citizens, especially the child, who will be the father or mother of tomorrow because education is the bedrock of all fac0et of development. Children are the future leaders of tomorrow and mothers are guardians of the future, the first aim of every family and society should be to raise healthy and productive individuals who are physically, psychologically, socially and mentally welldeveloped. These can be achieved through proper education ofa child who is the leader of tomorrow.
1.2 Statement of the problem
This research sought to determine the trends and extents of dropout rate of students (especially at the elementary and secondary levels) and its utmost effects on social and educational systems in the North-central part of Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors and root causes leading student dropout.
2. To assess the extent active taking part in optional components of the educational process lead students to interrupt their studies.
3. To examine the “reasons why” students enrolled in two different distance education programs of study opted to dropout.
4. To know the effect dropout to his future career of adult student.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. To what extent is student dropout due to intrinsic (related to the student) factors and to what extent is it due to extrinsic (non-student) factors? (e.g., study methods and materials)
2. To what extent does actively taking part in optional components of the educational process lead students to interrupt their studies?
3. To what extent do the educational materials and/ or tutors lead students to withdraw from their studies?
4. Are there any similarities/ differences in dropout rates/ causes on different courses? And at what level would these be?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Students do not dropout of university due to intrinsic (related to the student) factors and to what extent is it due to extrinsic (non-student) factors (e.g., study methods and materials).
H1: Students do dropout of university due to intrinsic (related to the student) factors and to what extent is it due to extrinsic (non-student) factors (e.g., study methods and materials).
H0: Actively taking part in optional components of the educational process does not lead students to interrupt their studies.
H1: Actively taking part in optional components of the educational process lead students to interrupt their studies.
H0: Educational materials and/ or tutors cannot lead students to withdraw from their studies.
H1: Educational materials and/ or tutors can lead students to withdraw from their studies.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This entails the beneficiaries of this research work.. The topic which says the causes of dropout among adult students of Nigerian universities using Uni-port and River state university of science and technology as a case study will be relevant to categories of such as entire public, education students, lecturers and research institutions in Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on causes of dropout among adult students of Nigerian universities (a case study of uni-port and River state university of science and technilogy)..
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. uni-port and river state university of science and technology adult students find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.
Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
School dropouts :Individuals who leave school prior to high school graduation can be defined as school dropouts. From the early 1960s into the twenty-first century, as universal secondary school attendance became the norm, such individuals were the subject of study by educators, educational researchers, and concerned policymakers in the United States. With some variation in local circumstances, they are of increasing concern around the world as the educational requirements for full participation in modern societies continue to increase.
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